Possibility of Long Range Precipitation Forecasting for the Hawaiian Islands
Possibility of Long Range Precipitation Forecasting for the Hawaiian Islands

Author: Samuel B. Solot

Publisher:

Published: 1948

Total Pages: 666

ISBN-13:

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In order to establish a meteorological forecasting system, it is necessary to find a direct relationship between measurable physical states of the atmosphere and the end product, the weather element to be forecast. The long range forecaster is quite limited in his choice of physical parameters. In fact only the very large-scale dynamics of the atmosphere which can be expressed in terms of mean pressure patterns are amenable to long range analysis. Thus the problem reduces to finding a link between mean planetary pressure patterns and precipitation in the Hawaiian Islands

Cloud Seeding Operations in the Bishop Creek, California Watershed
Cloud Seeding Operations in the Bishop Creek, California Watershed

Author: Ferguson Hall

Publisher:

Published: 1953

Total Pages: 40

ISBN-13:

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Cloud seeding operations using dry ice dispensed from aircraft have been carried out by the California Electric Power Co. in the High Sierra near Bishop, Calif., since February 1948. Limited visual observations suggest that snow showers can be produced from non-precipitating orographic clouds by seeding, the snow reaching the ground at the higher elevations. Comparison of the annual runoff from the seeded watershed with that from adjacent areas for the 3 years 1948, 1949, and 1950 showed a positive departure in the 1948-49 season significant at the 1 percent level. Significant departures did not appear during the other two years, but the average for the 3 years was significant at the 5 percent level. From the same analysis it might be estimated that the average annual flow during the 3-year period was augmented by 9 percent, with 90 percent confidence limits being zero and 18 percent. On the other hand the unusual circulation prevailing during the 1948-49 winter may have been responsible, at least in part, for the departure in flow during the season. Snow pack comparison did not indicate a significant increase in the Bishop area, but it is shown that such a result is not incompatible with the possibility that additional precipitation was produced which was not reflected in the snow surveys.

Mesoanalysis
Mesoanalysis

Author: Tetsuya Theodore Fujita

Publisher:

Published: 1956

Total Pages: 96

ISBN-13:

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"The primary purpose of this paper is to present a significant scale of meteorological events. This scale, the mesoscale, is either overlooked or intentionally ignored in much of the analysis being done today. The reason normally given for this omission is the fact that these meteorological motions are essentially 'noise' superimposed on larger-scale circulations and it is with these larger-scale circulations that most of the meteorologists' efforts (both theoretical and synoptic) have been concemed. It is our opinion, however, that this 'noise' is directly tied up with the local weather and that the meteorologist will have to despair of ever being able to predict this local weather with a satisfactory degree of confidence unless he has accurnte knowledge of what is going on in the mesometeorological scale of motion. In addition to focussing the readers attention on this scale of motion, it is also the purpose of this paper to serve as a preliminary manual for mesoanalysis. Although most of the analysis techniques have been given elsewhere (T. Fujita, 'Results of Detailed Synoptic Studies of Squall Lines', Tellus, vol. 7, No. 4, 1955, pp. 405-436), they are described fully here for completeness. Moreover, all of the ditta used in the analysis have also been reproduced in the form of station time sections. It is intended that these will serve two purposes: (1) The reader is encouraged to follow the techniques presented, perform his own mesoanalyses and compare them with the results given here, and (2) the reader will be able to interpret the sequence of events as they transpired at any station in terms of the mesosystems, developed in the analysis, which passed the station. Finally, we wish to point out that we have concerned ourselves here with analysis and not with explanation. The analyses clearly show the formation, development, movement, and dissipat ion of mesostruct ures. From this point of view the primary purpose of the paper is realized. However, there still remains the problem of explaining the life history of the mesostrnctures from a dynamical point of view"--Preface

The Measurement of Secular Temperature Change in the Eastern United States
The Measurement of Secular Temperature Change in the Eastern United States

Author: John Murray Mitchell

Publisher:

Published: 1961

Total Pages: 96

ISBN-13:

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Long series of observations at climatological stations, commonly used for estimating secular climatic change, are frequently unsuitable for such an application. The purpose of this paper is to describe and apply an optimum methodology for measuring secular changes of temperature, by use of existing monthly mean data at cooperative climatological stations, with particular reference to the eastern United States.