Tackling antimicrobial use and resistance in pig production: lessons learned in Denmark
Tackling antimicrobial use and resistance in pig production: lessons learned in Denmark

Author: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Publisher: Food & Agriculture Org.

Published: 2019-04-16

Total Pages: 56

ISBN-13: 9251312214

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This report describes a campaign to limit the use of antimicrobials – specifically antibiotics – in the Danish swine-producing sector. It is a testimony of the collaboration between the regulatory sector within the Ministry of Environment and Food (and its agriculture-focused precursors), private veterinary practitioners and swine producers (large and small), to tackle the unsustainable overuse of antibiotics in the industry, and is a retrospective tribute to all those who had the foresight to make significant changes to ensure consumer protection: improving hygiene at primary sites of swine production, developing options for intervention through a system of surveillance and collation of data from feed mills to veterinary practitioner prescriptions, identifying sites for intervention, setting targets, restructuring the relationship between the veterinary services and farmers, and implementing changes in behaviour for greatest impact. Denmark in many ways laid out a plan before there was any known roadmap to follow; each step was based on continuous analysis and feedback to the operators – private and public – for ongoing monitoring and accountability as a driver for change. It is hoped that this historical guide may serve other countries, food producers, regulators, veterinarians and those responsible for veterinary structures, as well as academia, to identify ways forward to limit the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance, which is threatening public health, animal health and safe food production worldwide.

Challenges to Tackling Antimicrobial Resistance
Challenges to Tackling Antimicrobial Resistance

Author: Michael Anderson

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Published: 2020-04-23

Total Pages: 273

ISBN-13: 1108799450

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An accessible overview of the challenges in tackling AMR, and the economic and policy responses of the 'One Health' approach. It will appeal to policy-makers seeking to strengthen national and local polices tackling AMR, as well as students and academics who want an overview of the latest scientific evidence regarding effective AMR policies.

Prudent and efficient use of antimicrobials in pigs and poultry
Prudent and efficient use of antimicrobials in pigs and poultry

Author: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Publisher: Food & Agriculture Org.

Published: 2019-10-30

Total Pages: 44

ISBN-13: 9251318913

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Antimicrobials are widely used in both humans and livestock and have greatly contributed to better human and animal health. However, these benefits are being threatened by the global emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Because humans and animals often share the same bacteria and may be treated with the same types of antibacterial drugs, resistance to antibiotics is the most critical aspect of AMR for the livestock sector. One way to mitigate the emergence of AMR is to reduce the overall use of antibiotics by combining prudent and medically rational use with other disease preventive measures. This manual will contribute to addressing the challenge of AMR by promoting the prevention of infections and the prudent use of antibiotics in the pig and poultry sectors, the livestock sectors that generally have the highest use of antibiotics. It should be regarded as a practical complement to national governance and regulatory measures. The manual is intended to assist pharmacists, veterinarians, other animal health workers, farm owners and their staff in using antibiotics in a prudent and medically efficient way without loss in productivity. It is especially targeted to farmers with commercialized medium- or large-scale production, veterinarians and other animal health personnel in non-EU Eastern European and Balkan countries, the Caucasus, and Central Asia, who are dealing with pigs and poultry. However, in many cases the principles and practices described here are universally useful and may be applied elsewhere.

Evaluation of FAO’s role and work on antimicrobial resistance (AMR)
Evaluation of FAO’s role and work on antimicrobial resistance (AMR)

Author: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Publisher: Food & Agriculture Org.

Published: 2021-03-05

Total Pages: 87

ISBN-13: 9251340749

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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the ability of microorganisms to fight antimicrobial compounds, reducing the efficacy of treating diseases in humans, animals, and plants. AMR risk is outpacing human population growth, owing to misuse of antimicrobials in large quantities in food systems, and is a serious threat to food security and sustainable development. FAO, with the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), is supporting countries in developing and implementing their One Health National Action Plans on AMR. The eventual aim is to ensure sustainable use of antimicrobials to minimize AMR risks, in alignment with the Global Action Plan on AMR. The scope of the evaluation covers FAO’s entire work on AMR up to early 2020 and its role in the global AMR architecture. It examines FAO’s organizational and institutional set-up for AMR work. FAO has a strong mandate to work on AMR, implementing activities in 45 countries and providing far-reaching support on AMR National Action Plans (NAPs). FAO’s technical expertise is a key comparative advantage in its work on AMR. It is underpinned by the strong scientific grounding of FAO’s work, engendered in its AMR working groups and supported by its collaboration with research centers, universities, and the Tripartite organizations. Nevertheless, the work is relatively recent and, given the long impact pathways, it has had limited results. A comprehensive strategic and programmatic approach would increase the likelihood of achieving results in combating AMR. FAO should prioritize its work in a long-term strategy on AMR that recognizes the seriousness of the threat and is fully integrated into the Organization’s Strategic Framework. The strategy should set out FAO’s long-term role in combating AMR and that of its divisions and offices, as well as its approach at the country and regional level. FAO should consolidate its work on AMR through a strong programmatic approach with a central coordination and management structure that links with the Regional Offices and is supported by dedicated core funding.

Livestock and its role in the emergence, spread, and evolution of antimicrobial resistance: Animal-to-human or animal-to-environment transmission
Livestock and its role in the emergence, spread, and evolution of antimicrobial resistance: Animal-to-human or animal-to-environment transmission

Author: João Pedro Rueda Furlan

Publisher: Frontiers Media SA

Published: 2023-10-09

Total Pages: 127

ISBN-13: 2832534635

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The occurrence of multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens (e.g., Enterobacterales and nonfermenting Gram-negative bacilli) to critically important antimicrobials such as carbapenems and colistin, last-resort antimicrobials, is a global multifactorial problem that involves animal–food–environmental–human sectors, which requires coordinated One Health and Global Health actions. The raising of food-producing animals has been increasing worldwide due to the rapid increase in demand for livestock products driven by human population growth. Consequently, the intensive use of antimicrobials in this sector has been associated with an increase in antimicrobial resistance. In this regard, the concerns associated with animal-to-human or animal-to-environment transmission of bacteria, including zoonotic pathogens, or plasmid-mediated antimicrobial resistance genes have increased in the last decade.

OECD Health Policy Studies Embracing a One Health Framework to Fight Antimicrobial Resistance
OECD Health Policy Studies Embracing a One Health Framework to Fight Antimicrobial Resistance

Author: OECD

Publisher: OECD Publishing

Published: 2023-09-14

Total Pages: 382

ISBN-13: 9264941096

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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) – the ability of microbes to resist antimicrobials – remains an alarming global health threat. This report identifies 11 One Health “best buys” that, if implemented systematically, would improve population health, reduce health expenditure and generate positive returns for the economy.

OECD Studies on Water Pharmaceutical Residues in Freshwater Hazards and Policy Responses
OECD Studies on Water Pharmaceutical Residues in Freshwater Hazards and Policy Responses

Author: OECD

Publisher: OECD Publishing

Published: 2019-11-13

Total Pages: 138

ISBN-13: 9264977414

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This report calls for a better understanding of the effects of pharmaceutical residues in the environment, greater international collaboration and accountability distribution, and policy actions to prevent and remedy emerging concerns. Laboratory and field tests show traces of oral contraceptives causing the feminisation of fish and amphibians, and residues of psychiatric drugs altering fish behaviour. Antimicrobial resistance, linked to the overuse of antibiotics, has rapidly escalated into a global health crisis.

Pharmaceutical Residues in Freshwater: Hazards and Policy Responses
Pharmaceutical Residues in Freshwater: Hazards and Policy Responses

Author: Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD)

Publisher: IWA Publishing

Published: 2020-07-15

Total Pages: 138

ISBN-13: 1789061814

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This report calls for a better understanding of the effects of pharmaceutical residues in the environment, greater international collaboration and accountability distribution, and policy actions to prevent and remedy emerging concerns. Laboratory and field tests show traces of oral contraceptives causing the feminisation of fish and amphibians, and residues of psychiatric drugs altering fish behaviour. Antimicrobial resistance, linked to the overuse of antibiotics, has rapidly escalated into a global health crisis. Unless adequate measures are taken to manage the risks, pharmaceutical residues will increasingly be released into the environment as ageing populations, advances in healthcare, and intensification of meat and fish production spur the demand for pharmaceuticals worldwide. The report outlines a collective, life‑cycle approach to managing pharmaceuticals in the environment. A policy mix of source‑directed, use‑orientated and end‑of‑pipe measures, involving several policy sectors, can help to improve health and protect the environment.

Antimicrobials in Livestock 1: Regulation, Science, Practice
Antimicrobials in Livestock 1: Regulation, Science, Practice

Author: Lucie Pokludová

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2020-12-07

Total Pages: 391

ISBN-13: 303046721X

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This first volume in a two-volume work enhances readers’ understanding of antimicrobial resistance mechanisms in selected bacterial species that cause diseases in major food producing animals. It provides an overview of the current legislation and policies seeking to regulate the authorisation, manufacturing, distribution and use of veterinary antimicrobials in practice in a way that helps to contain the spread of antimicrobial resistance. The focus is put on Europe, without neglecting the global context. Moreover, attention is paid to various uses of antimicrobials in livestock, considering both their risks and benefits, from the distant past to the present. Growth promotion, prophylaxis, metaphylaxis, diagnostics and treatment are discussed not only with regard to food production and animal health, but also considering the One Health concept, which combines public and animal health with environmental aspects. A summary of various systems for monitoring the use of antimicrobials is provided, as well as an overview of the diseases that European veterinarians most often treat with antimicrobials. In closing, the book addresses the complexity of recent measures that are of key importance for antimicrobial stewardship, e.g. biosecurity, vaccination and other preventive tools including the newest technologies like smart farming. The complete two-volume work provides an extensive review of various aspects related to the use of antimicrobials in veterinary medicine, especially considering major food producing species, their most common infectious diseases and causative pathogens, and mainly focusing on the situation in Europe, without ignoring the global context. While Volume I discusses more general aspects of antibiotic use such as regulatory, laboratory and practical issues from different perspectives, Volume II more specifically discusses medical aspects and the use of antimicrobials in cattle, pigs, poultry and horses, as well as pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, two of the most important factors determining the success of treatment. In both volumes, each chapter confronts the reader with open questions to stimulate further discussions and future research on the topics covered.