Switzerland: 2022 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Switzerland
Switzerland: 2022 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Switzerland

Author: International Monetary

Publisher: International Monetary Fund

Published: 2022-06-20

Total Pages: 73

ISBN-13:

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Recovery was strong in 2021, but there are headwinds from the war in Ukraine. 2021 output was 1 percent higher than in 2019, but 2 percent below pre-Covid trends; unemployment is back to pre-crisis levels. Inflation has picked up (2.5 percent in April), but below other advanced economies. Strong exports/merchanting led to a higher current account surplus. Although the energy mix (nuclear, hydro) has limited exposure to Russia, exposures of commodity traders and indirect channels could be important. Growth is likely to slow to 21⁄4 percent in 2022 (3⁄4 ppt. drag from the war). Risks are to the downside (war escalation, Covid developments, real estate). Covid outlays are lower in 2022, but still large (1.2 percent of GDP). Outlays related to Ukraine are likely to be accommodated as extraordinary. The Swiss National Bank is closely monitoring inflation, seeing it returning to the 0–2 percent range this year. The authorities reactivated the sectoral CCyB for residential real estate. They are pursuing pension and labor reforms, climate initiatives, energy security, and renewed EU engagement.

Switzerland: 2021 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; Staff Statement; and Statement by the Executive Director for Switzerland
Switzerland: 2021 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; Staff Statement; and Statement by the Executive Director for Switzerland

Author: International Monetary

Publisher: International Monetary Fund

Published: 2021-06-21

Total Pages: 69

ISBN-13: 1513585606

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Switzerland has navigated the COVID-19 pandemic well. The pandemic has had major social and economic impacts, but an early, strong, and sustained health and economic policy response helped contain the contraction of activity. Coordinated efforts targeting households and firms stemmed a loss of purchasing power and a rise of unemployment and bankruptcies. Recovery has commenced, but uncertainty and risks remain high, dominated by pandemic dynamics. The rebound should deepen, as vaccination proceeds, containment is eased, and domestic and global demand picks up. Fiscal support has been rightly extended in 2021, and monetary policy remains accommodative. Policies should remain supportive until there are clear signs of sustained recovery; the authorities should expand support if needed. Redirection to fostering green, digital transformation with attention to low-income earners will be needed, including to ensure that prolonged emergency support does not hinder structural changes in the economy.

Switzerland
Switzerland

Author: International Monetary Fund. European Dept.

Publisher: International Monetary Fund

Published: 2023-06-07

Total Pages: 67

ISBN-13:

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Growth slowed in 2022 to 2.1 percent and should decline to 0.8 percent in 2023, with risks on the downside. Inflation was 2.9 percent in March and may remain above 2 percent until 2024, due to wage pressures and rent increases. The current account surplus is expected to moderate to 7.8 percent of GDP in 2023 (global slowdown, normalization of merchanting trade). The focus of fiscal policy has shifted to offsetting extraordinary outlays while addressing medium-term spending needs within the debtbrake rule. Monetary policy is focused on reducing inflation. Credit Suisse challenges led to state-facilitated acquisition by UBS. Otherwise, financial sector buffers remain strong, but risks have increased. Pension reforms and EU dialogue progressed. Challenges are aging and skill gaps, energy security, green transition, and geo-economic fragmentation.

Denmark: 2022 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Alternate Executive Director for Denmark
Denmark: 2022 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Alternate Executive Director for Denmark

Author: International Monetary

Publisher: International Monetary Fund

Published: 2022-06-16

Total Pages: 74

ISBN-13:

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The strength of the economic recovery bodes well for the rebound in activity to persist, but uncertainty remains high due to the war in Ukraine and the pandemic, with risks tilted to the downside. With employment above pre-pandemic levels, however, labor market pressures have increased. High energy prices have propelled inflation to a historic high. The current account remains elevated. High household debt constitutes a key source of risk as house price growth remains strong.

Switzerland
Switzerland

Author: International Monetary Fund. European Dept.

Publisher: International Monetary Fund

Published: 2024-06-24

Total Pages: 74

ISBN-13:

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Growth is recovering gradually (projected at 1.3 percent in 2024) after slowing in 2023 (0.8 percent). A tight monetary stance and disinflation abroad have brought inflation within SNB’s 0–2 percent price stability range, and the SNB lowered its policy rate in March 2024, ahead of other major central banks. The external current account has remained in surplus but declined, while the general government surplus declined in 2023. Fiscal fundamentals are strong with low debt levels, but mounting spending pressures and remaining future financing gaps in the pension system, including stemming from the recent vote on a 13th monthly pension payment, need to be addressed. The state-facilitated acquisition of Credit Suisse (CS) by UBS stabilized markets, and the authorities have published reform proposals based on their review of the transaction and the TBTF framework. Negotiations with the EU restarted. Climate policy progressed. Medium-term challenges include labor shortages and skill gaps.

Regulation and Supervision of Bank Senior Management in Light of Prudential Corporate Governance
Regulation and Supervision of Bank Senior Management in Light of Prudential Corporate Governance

Author: Kimberley S. Rothwell

Publisher: buch & netz

Published: 2024-10-03

Total Pages: 269

ISBN-13: 3038057355

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Ongoing conduct issues in the banking sector have sparked global discussions on the effectiveness of the corporate governance of these institutions. This dissertation commences by exploring the internationally evolving regulatory landscape of prudential corporate governance and the role of bank senior management within these frameworks using a law and economics perspective. Two model jurisdictions, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, are identified as pioneers with their emerging approaches to tackle the persisting challenges. Against this backdrop, the study turns to Switzerland. It fills the gap of a comprehensive supervisory law analysis of bank senior management. For this purpose, the fragmented provisions are distilled from their institutional embedding and structured along the supervisory law life cycle of authorisation, ongoing supervision and enforcement. Along each phase, the respective novel approaches from the model jurisdictions are presented. Through these analyses, the dissertation identifies gaps and inefficiencies in the Swiss supervisory law framework. These findings are synthesised in order to gain a holistic view of the current setup. Concluding, future pathways for Switzerland are presented, also inspired by international developments, to propose a more structured, robust and efficient framework for the regulatory oversight of the senior management of Swiss banks.

Finland: 2021 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Finland
Finland: 2021 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Finland

Author: International Monetary

Publisher: International Monetary Fund

Published: 2022-01-31

Total Pages: 74

ISBN-13:

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With strong policy support, Finland suffered a relatively mild economic contraction in 2020 followed by a swift recovery in 2021. Medium-term growth prospects are less strong, due to adverse demographics and low productivity growth—trends that precede the pandemic. Public debt has increased due to pandemic-related support and will remain on a rising trajectory in the medium term, largely reflecting permanent spending increases.

South Africa: 2021 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for South Africa
South Africa: 2021 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for South Africa

Author: International Monetary

Publisher: International Monetary Fund

Published: 2022-02-11

Total Pages: 127

ISBN-13:

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South Africa’s subpar economic performance over the last decade has weakened its macroeconomic fundamentals and social indicators. In response to formidable COVID-19-related challenges, government expenditure surged, and, amid declining revenue, the budget deficit widened significantly. The South African Reserve Bank (SARB) and the Prudential Authority (PA) preserved adequate liquidity conditions and financial-sector stability. The cyclical recovery from the deep contraction has been faster than expected but its strength is unlikely to be sustained. Benign global market conditions have supported asset performance, although term premia are elevated due to fiscal risks. Bank soundness indicators remain solid, but a deepening bank-sovereign nexus raises some concerns.

Republic of Congo: 2021 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for the Republic of Congo
Republic of Congo: 2021 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for the Republic of Congo

Author: International Monetary

Publisher: International Monetary Fund

Published: 2021-10-05

Total Pages: 104

ISBN-13: 1513595512

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The COVID-19 pandemic and oil price shocks have taken a deep toll on the Congolese economy, weighing on incomes and inequality. Debt sustainability challenges precluded Fund financial assistance during the pandemic, and the Extended Credit Facility (ECF) arrangement, approved in 2019, expired in April 2021 without having completed the first review. Recently, debt sustainability has been restored owing to the authorities’ debt restructuring strategy and current and projected higher oil prices. However, the risk of debt distress remains high given liquidity risks and vulnerabilities to negative oil price shocks. The authorities are actively negotiating the resolution of pending external arrears. Until this process is concluded and the negotiations with two external creditors are finalized, debt is classified as being “in distress.”

Nigeria: 2021 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; Staff Statement, and Statement by the Executive Director for Nigeria
Nigeria: 2021 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; Staff Statement, and Statement by the Executive Director for Nigeria

Author: International Monetary

Publisher: International Monetary Fund

Published: 2022-02-09

Total Pages: 86

ISBN-13:

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The economy is recovering from a historic downturn thanks to policy support, rebounding oil prices and international financial assistance. Benefiting from the authorities’ pro-active approach, COVID-19 infection rates and fatalities have been contained. With higher oil prices and the country entering into the 2023 Presidential election cycle, there are risks of delays in much needed fiscal and exchange rate reforms. Macroeconomic and structural policies should build confidence and ensure a robust exit from the crisis.