Surface Tensiometry at High Temperatures
Surface Tensiometry at High Temperatures

Author: Ala Moradian

Publisher:

Published: 2007

Total Pages: 390

ISBN-13: 9780494395721

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Surface tension is the dominant parameter in many fundamental studies in fluid mechanics and plays a major role in many industrial processes. Methods for measuring surface tension of liquids may vary according to different temperature ranges. The objective of this study is to propose a new methodology for measuring surface tension of materials with high melting point. In this new containerless method, an atmospheric radio-frequency Inductively Coupled Plasma (RF-ICP) torch melts horizontal metallic rods, and a high-speed camera records the drop formation process caused by melting. The drop shapes are fitted by the theoretical Young-Laplace (YL) profiles to determine the surface tension. In addition to the measurements based on the drop shapes, this methodology provides the possibility of validating the results with three other methods for measuring surface tension: the drop weight, pendant drop, and drop oscillation method. The drop oscillation method was used to measure the surface tension and viscosity, based on the resonance frequency and damping rate of the oscillations, respectively. From the photographs of the melting process, the solid-liquid interface was found to be inclined at an angle to the horizontal. The effect of this inclination on surface tension measurement is investigated. The dynamics of drop formation are modeled numerically as drop ejection from a nozzle. The numerical model solves the axisymmetric Navier-Stokes equations, for both the melt and the surrounding gas. The numerical pendant drops are compared with the theoretical YL profiles. A detailed study of the differences between numerical and theoretical profiles demonstrates some of the hydrodynamic effects influencing the surface tension measurement methods that are based on drop profiles. Good agreement between the numerical and the theoretical drop profiles validated the procedure of fitting YL profiles on dynamic drop profiles during drop formation. In addition, using the proposed methodology, surface tension values measured based on the drop shapes can be incorporated into the numerical code. Therefore, experimental drops and numerical drops can be compared and the viscosity of the melt can be determined. This method is established based on copper and nickel; however, it can be applied to metals, alloys, and ceramics.

Dynamic Surface Tensiometry in Medicine
Dynamic Surface Tensiometry in Medicine

Author: V.N. Kazakov

Publisher: Elsevier

Published: 2000-01-28

Total Pages: 389

ISBN-13: 0080530591

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Human biological liquids contain numerous low- and high-molecular weight surfactants. The human organism contains interfaces with enormous surfaces. The physicochemical and biochemical processes taking place at these interfaces are extremely important for the vital functions of the organism as a whole, and the interfacial properties may reflect peculiarities of age and sex, health and disease. The present book is the first attempt to systematically present the results of dynamic and equilibrium surface tensions measurements of serum and urine samples that were obtained from healthy humans of various sex and age, and to compare these results with measurements of biological liquids obtained from patients suffering from various diseases or with measurements of amniotic fluid obtained from women at various stages of pregnancy.Pulmonary medicine, especially neonatology, has systematically used interfacial tensiometry for studying pulmonary surfactant. In this particular area, significant progress was achieved in the treatment of diseases related to alterations of the lung surfactant system. We believe that, similar to the progress in pulmonary medicine attributed to surface chemical studies of lung surfactant, progress in other medical branches could be expected through studies of interfacial characteristics of other human biological liquids.For several years the authors of this book have been engaged in studies aimed at the improvement of the maximum bubble pressure method, resulting in the development of computer controlled tensiometers which are capable of measuring dynamic surface tensions within a wide range of surface lifetime. In addition to the measurement techniques, a correct interpretation and analysis of the tensiometric data obtained is extremely important. The kinetic theory of adsorption from solutions, and the theory of equilibrium adsorption layers of surfactant/protein mixtures provide the basis for both the choice of the most characteristic parameters of tensiograms and the analysis of the results. Some theoretical models describing the adsorption of proteins are presented in Chapter 1. The main theoretical and experimental issues related to the maximum bubble pressure technique as applied to biological liquids are presented in Chapter 2. A more detailed discussion of the differences of the various methods in use for measuring dynamic surface tension of biological fluids is provided in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 gives data from patients with kidney disease, Chapter 5 from patients with rheumatic diseases, Chapter 6 with pulmonary diseases, Chapter 7 with diseases of the central nervous system, and Chapter 8 with neoplasms.Dynamic interface tensiometry of human biological liquids is a fascinating new method which deserves a broad use for prospective studies of various diseases.

Encyclopedia of Surface and Colloid Science -
Encyclopedia of Surface and Colloid Science -

Author: Arthur T. Hubbard

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 2002-07-18

Total Pages: 1580

ISBN-13: 9780824707576

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This comprehensive reference collects fundamental theories and recent research from a wide range of fields including biology, biochemistry, physics, applied mathematics, and computer, materials, surface, and colloid science-providing key references, tools, and analytical techniques for practical applications in industrial, agricultural, and forensic processes, as well as in the production of natural and synthetic compounds such as foods, minerals, paints, proteins, pharmaceuticals, polymers, and soaps.

Surface Science and Adhesion in Cosmetics
Surface Science and Adhesion in Cosmetics

Author: K. L. Mittal

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2021-04-06

Total Pages: 720

ISBN-13: 1119654823

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Activity in the arena of surface chemistry and adhesion aspects in cosmetics is substantial, but the information is scattered in many diverse publications media and no book exists which discusses surface chemistry and adhesion in cosmetics in unified manner. This book containing 15 chapters written by eminent researchers from academia and industry is divided into three parts: Part 1: General Topics; Part 2: Surface Chemistry Aspects; and Part 3: Wetting and Adhesion Aspects. The topics covered include: Lip biophysical properties and characterization; use of advanced silicone materials in long-lasting cosmetics; non-aqueous dispersions of acrylate copolymers in lipsticks; cosmetic oils in Lipstick structure; chemical structure of the hair surface, surface forces and interactions; AFM for hair surface characterization; application of AFM in characterizing hair, skin and cosmetic deposition; SIMS as a surface analysis method for hair, skin and cosmetics; surface tensiometry approach to characterize cosmetic products; spreading of hairsprays on hair; color transfer from long-wear face foundation products; interaction of polyelectrolytes and surfactants on hair surfaces; cosmetic adhesion to facial skin; and adhesion aspects in semi-permanent mascara; lipstick adhesion measurement.

Interfacial Tensiometry
Interfacial Tensiometry

Author: A.I. Rusanov

Publisher: Elsevier

Published: 1996-06-07

Total Pages: 406

ISBN-13: 9780080544656

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This is the first monograph devoted to interfacial tensiometry and is therefore the definitive source of information on measuring surface tension. More than 40 methods for measuring surface tension both at the liquid-fluid and solid-fluid boundaries are described including methods using computational techniques, tele- and video-apparatus, and laser techniques. A central place in the book has been given to methods based on the investigation of properties of liquid and gaseous menisci both in the presence or absence of a gravitational field and a rotational one. Their description is preceded by a chapter on the theory of menisci including the derivation of various forms of the Laplace formula. The application of the methods for studying the equilibrium and dynamic surface tension has been considered. Dynamic methods used for very small surface life-times are described and a separate chapter is devoted to the theory of surface tension which will ensure a better understanding of the material. A systematic analysis of the material embracing all kinds of interfaces including solid surfaces, the history of each method, its theoretical foundation, characterization of measuring procedures and setups, a large number of numeric tables and plots and representative illustrations make the book encyclopedic in character.

Treatise on Process Metallurgy
Treatise on Process Metallurgy

Author: Roderick Guthrie

Publisher: Elsevier

Published: 2024-01-25

Total Pages: 818

ISBN-13: 0323859607

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Treatise on Process Metallurgy: Volume One, Process Fundamentals provides academics with the fundamentals of the manufacturing of metallic materials, from raw materials into finished parts or products. In these fully updated volumes, coverage is expanded into four volumes, including Process Fundamentals, encompassing process fundamentals, structure and properties of matter; thermodynamic aspects of process metallurgy, and rate phenomena in process metallurgy; Processing Phenomena, encompassing interfacial phenomena in high temperature metallurgy, metallurgical process phenomena, and metallurgical process technology; Metallurgical Processes, encompassing mineral processing, aqueous processing, electrochemical material and energy processes, and iron and steel technology, non-ferrous process principles and production technologies, and more. The work distills the combined academic experience from the principal editor and the multidisciplinary four-member editorial board. Provides the entire breadth of process metallurgy in a single work Includes in-depth knowledge in all key areas of process metallurgy Approaches the topic from an interdisciplinary perspective, providing broad range coverage on topics

Surface Wetting
Surface Wetting

Author: Kock-Yee Law

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2015-11-18

Total Pages: 169

ISBN-13: 3319252143

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This book describes wetting fundamentals and reviews the standard protocol for contact angle measurements. The authors include a brief overview of applications of contact angle measurements in surface science and engineering. They also discuss recent advances and research trends in wetting fundamentals and include measurement techniques and data interpretation of contract angles.