This book provides the first comprehensive critical survey of the microstructural characteristics of liquid metals which determine properties of viscosity, surface tension, density, heat capacity, thermal conductivity, electrical resistivity, diffusion, and velocity of sound transmission. The experimental techniques used to obtain these data are also reviewed. The result is a valuable set of correlations and reference data which enable the reader to understand the basic phenomena underlying the properties of liquid metals. As such, the book will be invaluable for metallurgists and materials engineers working in this area.
An up-to-date exploration of the properties and most recent applications of liquid metals In Liquid Metal: Properties, Mechanisms, and Applications, a pair of distinguished researchers delivers a comprehensive exploration of liquid metals with a strong focus on their structure and physicochemical properties, preparation methods, and tuning strategies. The book also illustrates the applications of liquid metals in fields as varied as mediated synthesis, 3D printing, flexible electronics, biomedicine, energy storage, and energy conversion. The authors include coverage of reactive mediums for synthesizing and assembling nanomaterials and direct-writing electronics, and the book offers access to supplementary video materials to highlight the concepts discussed within. Recent advancements in the field of liquid metals are also discussed, as are new opportunities for research and development in this rapidly developing area. The book also includes: A thorough introduction to the fundamentals of liquid metal, including a history of its discovery, its structure and physical properties, and its preparation Comprehensive explorations of the external field tuning of liquid metal, including electrical, magnetic, and chemical tuning Practical discussions of liquid metal as a new reaction medium, including nanomaterial synthesis and alloy preparation In-depth examinations of constructing techniques of liquid metal-based architectures, including injection, imprinting, and mask-assisted depositing Perfect for materials scientists, electrochemists, and catalytic chemists, Liquid Metal: Properties, Mechanisms, and Applications also belongs in the libraries of inorganic chemists, electronics engineers, and biochemists.
This book presents up-to-date information about the catalysis and surface properties of liquid metals and liquid alloys. It is intended for use by chemical engineers and researchers in catalysis, surface science, liquid metals, and chemical process technologies.
Basic problems concerning the computer simulation of liquid metals in usual and extreme conditions with the use of interparticle potentials, mainly multi-particle potentials of the embedded atom model are considered in the book. The general questions of a structure of simple liquids, and the methods of simulation of non-crystalline systems (liquid and amorphous) - a method of molecular dynamics, Monte Carlo, quantum-mechanical modeling, etc. - are considered in the first five chapters. The types of interparticle potentials applied, the analysis of atomistic models, topological characteristics of liquids, and the results of modeling one-component and binary systems with the use of the simplest interparticle potentials are considered.In the second part of the book, a specification of interparticle interaction is given for 17 metals of the various groups of the periodic system with the use of the embedded atom model. Parameters of potentials under ambient pressure are found using the experimental data about properties of metal on the binodal, and for strongly compressed states via the metal properties found in Hugoniot adiabatic processes. The role of electronic terms in energy is considered in detail. Tables of the potentials are given in the Appendix. Then, thermodynamic, structural and diffusion properties of these metals in wide intervals of the pressure and temperatures are calculated (usually to hundreds of GPa and tens of thousands of Kelvin). The results of the calculations are tabulated.In the final chapters of the book, specific problems with respect to liquid metals are considered. Here, the problems of the structure and conditions in the center of the Earth, Moon and Jupiter satellites, calculations of shock adiabats, and the isotopic effect of diffusion are covered. The assessments of structure and temperature in the inner and outer cores of the Earth are given. Calculations of a series of shock adiabats for the initially porous or liquid metal samples are carried out, and questions of accuracy concerning the available experimental data are analyzed. Also, some non-classical mechanisms of liquid solidification, in particular, the cluster mechanism of solidification during strong overcooling, are discussed.The general problems of the thermodynamic description of nanoclusters are considered. The ambiguity of the use of the radius, volume, surface area and surface tension concepts for nanoclusters is shown, and a more reasonable approach is suggested. The series of nanoclusters of various sizes are constructed for several metals, and the dependence of their properties on the cluster size, including a melting temperature, are investigated. The possibility to compare the applicability of the Second Law of Thermodynamics in its usual form to the melting/solidification of nanoclusters is discussed. (Nova)
Basic problems concerning the computer simulation of liquid metals in usual and extreme conditions with the use of interparticle potentials, mainly multi-particle potentials of the embedded atom model are considered in the book. The general questions of a structure of simple liquids, and the methods of simulation of non-crystalline systems (liquid and amorphous) a method of molecular dynamics, Monte Carlo, quantum-mechanical modeling, etc. are considered in the first five chapters. The types of interparticle potentials applied, the analysis of atomistic models, topological characteristics of liquids, and the results of modeling one-component and binary systems with the use of the simplest interparticle potentials are considered. In the second part of the book, a specification of interparticle interaction is given for 17 metals of the various groups of the periodic system with the use of the embedded atom model. Parameters of potentials under ambient pressure are found using the experimental data about properties of metal on the binodal, and for strongly compressed states via the metal properties found in Hugoniot adiabatic processes. The role of electronic terms in energy is considered in detail. Tables of the potentials are given in the Appendix. Then, thermodynamic, structural and diffusion properties of these metals in wide intervals of the pressure and temperatures are calculated (usually to hundreds of GPa and tens of thousands of Kelvin). The results of the calculations are tabulated. In the final chapters of the book, specific problems with respect to liquid metals are considered. Here, the problems of the structure and conditions in the center of the Earth, Moon and Jupiter satellites, calculations of shock adiabats, and the isotopic effect of diffusion are covered. The assessments of structure and temperature in the inner and outer cores of the Earth are given. Calculations of a series of shock adiabats for the initially porous or liquid metal samples are carried out, and questions of accuracy concerning the available experimental data are analyzed. Also, some non-classical mechanisms of liquid solidification, in particular, the cluster mechanism of solidification during strong overcooling, are discussed. The general problems of the thermodynamic description of nanoclusters are considered. The ambiguity of the use of the radius, volume, surface area and surface tension concepts for nanoclusters is shown, and a more reasonable approach is suggested. The series of nanoclusters of various sizes are constructed for several metals, and the dependence of their properties on the cluster size, including a melting temperature, are investigated. The possibility to compare the applicability of the Second Law of Thermodynamics in its usual form to the melting/solidification of nanoclusters is discussed.
