The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society
The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society

Author: United States. President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice

Publisher:

Published: 1967

Total Pages: 368

ISBN-13:

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

This report of the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice -- established by President Lyndon Johnson on July 23, 1965 -- addresses the causes of crime and delinquency and recommends how to prevent crime and delinquency and improve law enforcement and the administration of criminal justice. In developing its findings and recommendations, the Commission held three national conferences, conducted five national surveys, held hundreds of meetings, and interviewed tens of thousands of individuals. Separate chapters of this report discuss crime in America, juvenile delinquency, the police, the courts, corrections, organized crime, narcotics and drug abuse, drunkenness offenses, gun control, science and technology, and research as an instrument for reform. Significant data were generated by the Commission's National Survey of Criminal Victims, the first of its kind conducted on such a scope. The survey found that not only do Americans experience far more crime than they report to the police, but they talk about crime and the reports of crime engender such fear among citizens that the basic quality of life of many Americans has eroded. The core conclusion of the Commission, however, is that a significant reduction in crime can be achieved if the Commission's recommendations (some 200) are implemented. The recommendations call for a cooperative attack on crime by the Federal Government, the States, the counties, the cities, civic organizations, religious institutions, business groups, and individual citizens. They propose basic changes in the operations of police, schools, prosecutors, employment agencies, defenders, social workers, prisons, housing authorities, and probation and parole officers.

Proactive Policing
Proactive Policing

Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Publisher: National Academies Press

Published: 2018-03-23

Total Pages: 409

ISBN-13: 0309467136

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

Proactive policing, as a strategic approach used by police agencies to prevent crime, is a relatively new phenomenon in the United States. It developed from a crisis in confidence in policing that began to emerge in the 1960s because of social unrest, rising crime rates, and growing skepticism regarding the effectiveness of standard approaches to policing. In response, beginning in the 1980s and 1990s, innovative police practices and policies that took a more proactive approach began to develop. This report uses the term "proactive policing" to refer to all policing strategies that have as one of their goals the prevention or reduction of crime and disorder and that are not reactive in terms of focusing primarily on uncovering ongoing crime or on investigating or responding to crimes once they have occurred. Proactive policing is distinguished from the everyday decisions of police officers to be proactive in specific situations and instead refers to a strategic decision by police agencies to use proactive police responses in a programmatic way to reduce crime. Today, proactive policing strategies are used widely in the United States. They are not isolated programs used by a select group of agencies but rather a set of ideas that have spread across the landscape of policing. Proactive Policing reviews the evidence and discusses the data and methodological gaps on: (1) the effects of different forms of proactive policing on crime; (2) whether they are applied in a discriminatory manner; (3) whether they are being used in a legal fashion; and (4) community reaction. This report offers a comprehensive evaluation of proactive policing that includes not only its crime prevention impacts but also its broader implications for justice and U.S. communities.

Response Time Analysis
Response Time Analysis

Author: Kansas City (Mo.). Police Department

Publisher:

Published: 1978

Total Pages: 48

ISBN-13:

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

The procedures and results of a response time analysis study, which was designed to assess the value of police response to a variety of incidents, are summarized. The two primary objectives of this Kansas City, Missouri, study were: (1) analysis of the relationship of response time to the outcomes of on-scene criminal apprehension, witness availability, citizen satisfaction, and the frequency of citizen injuries in connection with crime and noncrime incidents; and (2) the identification of problems and patterns in reporting crime and requesting police assistance. The study design/data collection process continued over a 3-year period. Data were collected by civilian observers, communication tape analysis, and telephone and personal interviewers. Observers accompanied officers in the field to collect data on travel times and on-scene activities, while tape analysts collected dispatch times by timing verbal exchanges recorded on communications unit tape recordings. Victims of crimes and citizens who reported crime and noncrime incidents were interviewed to obtain reporting time data and to identify the problems encountered and patterns followed by those citizens reporting incidents or requesting police services. To analyze the relationships between response time and outcomes, three intervals in response times were considered: citizen reporting, communications dispatching, and police travel time. Variations in these intervals were then analyzed to see how they affected the probability of making an on-scene arrest and contacting a witness on scene, and how they affected recovery from injuries sustained during the commission of crimes. In addition, to see if the length of response time affected citizen satisfaction, police dispatch and travel times were again analyzed, along with other factors (such as citizens' social characteristics, expected response times, and perceptions of how long response took) considered to be possible determinants of citizens' satisfaction. Results indicated that reporting time was longer than either the time taken to dispatch a call or the time taken to travel to a call, and was nearly as long as the combined time taken to dispatch and travel to a call. For a large proportion of the crimes discovered some time after the incident had occurred, response time was found to be unrelated to the probability of making an arrest or locating a witness. For those crimes involving a victim or witness, reporting time was the strongest time determinant of arrest and witness availability. Citizen satisfaction was more closely related to citizens' expectations and perceptions about response time than to actual response time.

Fixing Broken Windows
Fixing Broken Windows

Author: George L. Kelling

Publisher: Simon and Schuster

Published: 1997

Total Pages: 340

ISBN-13: 0684837382

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

Cites successful examples of community-based policing.

Problem-oriented Policing and Crime Prevention
Problem-oriented Policing and Crime Prevention

Author: Anthony Allan Braga

Publisher: Willow Tree Press

Published: 2002-01

Total Pages: 174

ISBN-13: 9781881798415

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

Braga argues that problem-oriented policing has been evaluated as effective in controlling a wide range of crime and disorder problems, ranging from burglaries and robberies, to prostitution and various types of violence. He analyzes why problem-oriented policing interventions are effective and, thereby, intends to broaden the use of this approach in everyday policing.Problem-oriented policing directs attention and resources to the underlying problems that lurk behind many recurring crime problems. Braga summarizes the extensive worldwide research literature on three types of interventions:reducing opportunities for crime at problem-plagued places (e.g., bars, housing projects) through enforcement-oriented and/or environmental measures;targeting high-activity (repeat) offenders; andprotecting the victims of repetitive offenses. Braga concludes with ideas for correcting deficiencies in current approaches to problem-oriented policing. These suggestions address how to improve crime analysis, enhance the measurement of police performance, and secure productive police-community partnerships.

First Response to Victims of Crime
First Response to Victims of Crime

Author: Timothy O. Woods

Publisher:

Published: 2015-02-16

Total Pages: 108

ISBN-13: 9781298052797

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

Understanding Community Policing
Understanding Community Policing

Author: Bureau of Justice Assistance

Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform

Published: 2014-04-04

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13: 9781497517820

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

The movement toward community policing has gained momentum in recent years as police and community leaders search for more effective ways to promote public safety and to enhance the quality of life in their neighborhoods. Chiefs, sheriffs, and other policing officials are currently assessing what changes in orientation, organization, and operations will allow them to benefit the communities they serve by improving the quality of the services they provide.Community policing encompasses a variety of philosophical and practical approaches and is still evolving rapidly. Community policing strategies vary depending on the needs and responses of the communities involved; however, certain basic principles and considerations are common to all community policing efforts.To date, no succinct overview of community policing exists for practitioners who want to learn to use this wide-ranging approach to address the problems of crime and disorder in their communities. Understanding Community Policing, prepared by the Community Policing Consortium, is the beginning of an effort to bring community policing into focus. The document, while not a final product, assembles and examines the critical components of community policing to help foster the learning process and to structure the experimentation and modification required to make community policing work.Established and funded by the U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA), the Community Policing Consortium includes representatives from the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP), the National Sheriffs' Association, the Police Executive Research Forum (PERF), and the Police Foundation. BJA gave the Consortium the task of developing a conceptual framework for community policing and assisting agencies in implementing community policing. The process was designed to be a learning experience, allowing police, community members, and policymakers to assess the effectiveness of different implementation procedures and the impact of community policing on local levels of crime, violence, fear, and other public-safety problems.

The Challenge of Crime
The Challenge of Crime

Author: Henry Ruth

Publisher: Harvard University Press

Published: 2006-03-31

Total Pages: 392

ISBN-13: 0674266943

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

The development of crime policy in the United States for many generations has been hampered by a drastic shortage of knowledge and data, an excess of partisanship and instinctual responses, and a one-way tendency to expand the criminal justice system. Even if a three-decade pattern of prison growth came to a full stop in the early 2000s, the current decade will be by far the most punitive in U.S. history, hitting some minority communities particularly hard. The book examines the history, scope, and effects of the revolution in America's response to crime since 1970. Henry Ruth and Kevin Reitz offer a comprehensive, long-term, pragmatic approach to increase public understanding of and find improvements in the nation's response to crime. Concentrating on meaningful areas for change in policing, sentencing, guns, drugs, and juvenile crime, they discuss such topics as new priorities for the use of incarceration; aggressive policing; the war on drugs; the need to switch the gun control debate to a focus on crime gun regulation; a new focus on offenders' transition from confinement to freedom; and the role of private enterprise. A book that rejects traditional liberal and conservative outlooks, The Challenge of Crime takes a major step in offering new approaches for the nation's responses to crime.