The emerging technology, electric vehicles (EVs), has gained more attention due to the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, climate change, and air pollution in the cities. The rising demand for EVs brings new benefits and challenges to the city life of citizens. Balancing the demand in the electrical energy distribution grid, charging scheduling, dynamic pricing, and different types of charging stations change the priorities of city life. In order to manage the new requirements and perform the permanent transition from gasoline-powered vehicles to EVs, a strategic plan must be prepared by the city authorities. Currently, a number of cities in different countries have published their strategic plans for the sense of perspective about reaching a 30% sales share for EVs by 2030. These plans focus on the solutions to maximize the benefits of EVs and the awareness of the citizens. In the present study, fundamental components of a strategic plan for both EVs and necessary infrastructure are outlined with different aspects.
Modern transportation systems have adverse effects on the climate, emitting greenhouse gases and polluting the air. As such, new modes of non-polluting transportation, including electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids, are a major focus of current research and development. This book explores the future of transportation. It is divided into four sections: “Electric Vehicles Infrastructures,” “Architectures of the Electric Vehicles,” “Technologies of the Electric Vehicles,” and “Propulsion Systems.” The chapter authors share their research experience regarding the main barriers in electric vehicle implementation, their thoughts on electric vehicle modelling and control, and network communication challenges.
Electric Vehicles for Smart Cities: Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities uniquely examines different approaches to electric vehicle deployment in the context of smart cities. It provides a holistic picture of electromobility within urban areas, offering an integrated approach to city transportation systems by considering the energy systems, latest vehicle technologies, and transport infrastructure. Electric Vehicles for Smart Cities addresses the interaction between grid infrastructure, vehicles, costs and benefits, and operational reliability within an integrated framework. The book examines the role electric vehicles play in the social and political aspects of climate change mitigation, as well as a renewable energy-based economy. It explains how electric vehicles and their system requirements work, including recharging techniques and infrastructures, and discusses alternative market deployment approaches. Includes case studies from cities around the world, including Amsterdam, London, Oslo, Barcelona, Los Angeles, New York, Silicon Valley, Los Angeles, Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Tokyo, and Goto Islands Traces the developments, innovations, advantages, and disadvantages in the electric car industry Provides learning aids such as discussion questions and text boxes
"We all love the concept of electric vehicles but the complexities of delivering the vision make us wonder if a book on the subject would be a fantasy or science fiction. Happily this book is full of practical detail and real world experience of pioneering cities that bring the vision to life. It is a gripping read and, like a good novel, is full of great stories and ideas." -- Fiona Woolf, Lord Mayor of the City of London in 2013-14 About the Book A decade after the launch of the contemporary global electric vehicle (EV) market, most cities are ill-prepared for the tidal wave of change that will soon reach them as EV adoption rates accelerate. Some cities, and the leaders who shape them, are meeting and even leading demand for EV infrastructure. This book aggregates deep, groundbreaking research in the areas of urban EV deployment for city managers, private developers, urban planners, and utilities who want to understand and lead change. About the Editors Peter Fox-Penner, Ph.D. Dr. Fox-Penner is director of the Institute for Sustainable Energy (ISE) at Boston University (BU). He is also professor of the practice at BU's Questrom School of Business. His research and writing focuses on electric power strategy, regulation, and governance; energy and climate policy; and the relationships between public and private economic activity, including corporate social responsibility. He is the author of Smart Power (2010), a book widely credited with foreshadowing the transformation of the power industry. Smart Power is now used and cited all over the world, as are other books in this area written by Fox-Penner. He also teaches courses on sustainable energy and electric power at the Questrom School of Business. The work of the BU Institute for Sustainable Energy and Peter's projects through the Institute can be viewed there. In addition, since 2014 he has been a senior policy scholar at the Georgetown Center for Business and Public Policy. From 1994 to 1996, Peter was principal deputy assistant secretary at the US Department of Energy's Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy unit (EERE) and a senior advisor in the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP). Z. Justin Ren, PhD. Z. Justin Ren is an associate professor of business administration at Boston University's Questrom School of Business, and a faculty researcher at the Boston University Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE). He was also a research affiliate at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Sloan School of Management (2009-2014). Professor Ren's current research focuses on Electric Vehicles (EV) and infrastructure for clean energy transition. David O. Jermain. Mr. Jermain is a senior research scientist and senior fellow at Boston University's Institute for Sustainable Energy (ISE). Also, he is an adjunct professor at Boston University's Questrom School of Business. For nearly 40 years, he has held senior energy sector executive positions and served in several consulting capacities for large and small consultancies as well as firms he has founded. He served as head of strategic planning for Pacific Power & Light where he helped drive execution of the first major utility merger in the United States in fifty years.
Planning the charging infrastructure for electric vehicles (EVs) is a new challenging task. This book treats all involved aspects: charging technologies and norms, interactions with the electricity system, electrical installation, demand for charging infrastructure, economics of public infrastructure provision, policies in Germany and the EU, external effects, stakeholder cooperation, spatial planning on the regional and street level, operation and maintenance, and long term spatial planning.
In 2011, the U.S. Presidential Administration set the goal of having a million electric vehicles in the U.S. by 2015. In order to support these goals, the U.S federal government introduced several incentive programs (includes purchasing tax credits) and policies (installing public charging stations) to encourage EV adoption and ease dependence on gasoline consumption. Since the introduction of these policies and mass-marketing of EVs in 2010-11, the sale of commercial electric vehicles in the U.S between 2011 and 2015 has been more than 300,000. However, EVs accounts for less than 1 percent of total light-duty vehicles sales. One of the reasons for the low adoption rate for EV is “range anxiety”. This is created among consumers due to lack of publicly available charging infrastructure and this prohibits users to travel between and within cities. Thus, in order to promote EVs as a primary vehicle for drivers, more charging stations should be made available to the public. The main objective of this research is to identify suitable locations for installing public Electric Vehicle charging stations in the City of Austin. At present, Austin Energy doesn’t have any standard method to identify demand for public charging stations and locate them appropriately to optimize its usage. In order to determine land parcel suitable for installing public charging stations, a set of geo-spatial data were identified from an extensive review of existing literature and similar studies conducted across the globe. These data sets were then edited to form individual raster layers. Each raster data is further classified by assigning scores to each raster value (within a raster layer) based on simple logic. For example, a higher score will be assigned to a raster cell which is closer to a Food establishment and a lower score as we move further away. The higher score basically defines a higher suitability of installing a charging station and vice versa. Further, a map indicating the optimal parcels in the city for installing EV charging infrastructure is created using map algebra which is based on assigning different weighting factors to each raster layer.
The increase in air pollution and vehicular emissions has led to the development of the renewable energy-based generation and electrification of transportation. Further, the electrification shift faces an enormous challenge due to limited driving range, long charging time, and high initial cost of deployment. Firstly, there has been a discussion on renewable energy such as how wind power and solar power can be generated by wind turbines and photovoltaics, respectively, while these are intermittent in nature. The combination of these renewable energy resources with available power generation system will make electric vehicle (EV) charging sustainable and viable after the payback period. Recently, there has also been a significant discussion focused on various EV charging types and the level of power for charging to minimize the charging time. By focusing on both sustainable and renewable energy, as well as charging infrastructures and technologies, the future for EV can be explored. Developing Charging Infrastructure and Technologies for Electric Vehicles reviews and discusses the state of the art in electric vehicle charging technologies, their applications, economic, environmental, and social impact, and integration with renewable energy. This book captures the state of the art in electric vehicle charging infrastructure deployment, their applications, architectures, and relevant technologies. In addition, this book identifies potential research directions and technologies that facilitate insights on EV charging in various charging places such as smart home charging, parking EV charging, and charging stations. This book will be essential for power system architects, mechanics, electrical engineers, practitioners, developers, practitioners, researchers, academicians, and students interested in the problems and solutions to the state-of-the-art status of electric vehicles.
For a century, almost all light-duty vehicles (LDVs) have been powered by internal combustion engines operating on petroleum fuels. Energy security concerns about petroleum imports and the effect of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on global climate are driving interest in alternatives. Transitions to Alternative Vehicles and Fuels assesses the potential for reducing petroleum consumption and GHG emissions by 80 percent across the U.S. LDV fleet by 2050, relative to 2005. This report examines the current capability and estimated future performance and costs for each vehicle type and non-petroleum-based fuel technology as options that could significantly contribute to these goals. By analyzing scenarios that combine various fuel and vehicle pathways, the report also identifies barriers to implementation of these technologies and suggests policies to achieve the desired reductions. Several scenarios are promising, but strong, and effective policies such as research and development, subsidies, energy taxes, or regulations will be necessary to overcome barriers, such as cost and consumer choice.
Planning the charging infrastructure for electric vehicles (EVs) is a new challenging task. This book treats all involved aspects: charging technologies and norms, interactions with the electricity system, electrical installation, demand for charging infrastructure, economics of public infrastructure provision, policies in Germany and the EU, external effects, stakeholder cooperation, spatial planning on the regional and street level, operation and maintenance, and long term spatial planning. This work was published by Saint Philip Street Press pursuant to a Creative Commons license permitting commercial use. All rights not granted by the work's license are retained by the author or authors.
Electric vehicles, one of the emerging modes of transportation, are at the forefront of sustainable mobility. In the past years, there has been a rapid rise in EVs, both as private and public transportation modes. Private users are influenced by multiple factors while choosing electric cars as their travel modes. Among them, policy and infrastructure are deemed to be the main influencers globally. These policies and infrastructures vary in different cities. However, there is a lack of research dealing with what parts of the policy and infrastructure are actually most effective in EV adoption. This research presents a descriptive and quantitative evaluation as well as statistical analysis to identify the most effective policies and infrastructure components in electric car adoption as a personal transportation mode in sixteen selected cities; Seattle, Los Angeles, San Francisco, San Jose, New York, Oslo, Bergen, London, Amsterdam, Stockholm, Berlin, Munich, Paris, Shenzhen, Beijing and Tokyo. The cities are evaluated based on total electric vehicles on road, EVs on household level and electrification ratio of the registered cars in conjunction with household median income. Policy level incentives like electrification target, parking, toll, and lane access benefits along with tax rebates, subsidies and other monetary incentives as part of the total cost of ownership are also observed. Total number of public and residential charging points as well as the EV supply equipment program are analyzed as part of EV infrastructure preparedness on city level. Among the sample cities, Norway is the pioneer in the electric car integration into their passenger car market. All the sample cities have active Zero Energy Vehicle mandates and incentives for electric vehicles. Through secondary data collection via various online resources and statistical observation with help of the existing literature, this study found high correlation between EV ownership and incentives. Multilinear Regression Analysis model predicted 0.53% increase in passenger electrification with every $100 incentive increase. The environmental conditions of the sample cities are also evaluated to observe the impact of mass EV adoption in the overall improvement in CO2 emission reduction. At the end of this paper, this research proposes some policies to improve the EV adoption challenges present in the sample cities as well as the cities aiming to turn towards this sustainable mode in the future.
