Statistical Significance and the PHC Curve
Statistical Significance and the PHC Curve

Author: Hideki Toyoda

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2024-10-22

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13: 9789819777471

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This book explains the importance of using the probability that the hypothesis is correct (PHC), an intuitive measure that anyone can understand, as an alternative to the p-value. In order to overcome the “reproducibility crisis” caused by the misuse of significance tests, this book provides a detailed explanation of the mechanism of p-hacking using significance tests, and concretely shows the merits of PHC as an alternative to p-values. In March 2019, two impactful papers on statistics were published. One paper, "Moving to a World Beyond ‘p 0.05’”, was featured in the scholarly journal emThe American Statistician/em, overseen by the American Statistical Association. The title of the first chapter is “Don't Say ‘Statistically Significant’”, and it uses the imperative form to clearly forbid the use of significance testing. Another paper, “Retire statistical significance”, was published in the prestigious scientific journal emNature/em. This commentary was endorsed by more than 800 scientists, advocating for the statement, “We agree, and call for the entire concept of statistical significance to be abandoned.” Consider a study comparing the duration of hospital stays between treatments A and B. Previously, research conclusions were typically stated as: “There was a statistically significant difference at the 5% level in the average duration of hospital stays.” This phrasing is quite abstract. Instead, we present the following conclusion as an example: (1) The average duration of hospital stays for Group A is at least half a day shorter than for Group B. (2) 71% of patients in Group A have shorter hospital stays than the average for Group B. (3) Group A has an average hospital stay that is, on average, no more than 94% of that of Group B. Then, the probability that the expression is correct is shown. That is the PHC curve.

Primary Health Care in the Making
Primary Health Care in the Making

Author: U. Laaser

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 567

ISBN-13: 3642699774

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Since the historieal conference held in Alma Ata in 1978, it has been possible to observe a reorientation of the medical profession. More and more, issues of health enter the stage and curative medicine is not just loosing ground but some interest. 'How effective is health education?' and 'Whose task is primary pre vention?' are questions which stimulate great concern and public debate. It seems also to be the first time since the last decades of the 19th century that the social dimension of health receives adequate consideration. Thus the reeent publication of the so-called Black Report on Inequalities in Health (Penguin 1982) led to a heated discussion in Great Britain, certainly of relevance to many other countries. The 6 years since 1978 are much too short a time to proceed far towards 'Health for All', as the slogan of the World Health Organization puts it, but the concepts are spelled out, vaguely but convincing to many of us. It is the right time to discuss first experiences and to move from philosophy to empiri eal work. This work - as it relates to the process evolving since Alma Ata - is characterized by participation, cooperation and prevention: Participation, because 'disease' concerns only the individual patient, his or her family and immediate social environment, while 'health' concerns everyone and should involve everyone. It is a task of the whole of society rather than the domaine of a single profession or party.

Recent Advances in Functional Data Analysis and Related Topics
Recent Advances in Functional Data Analysis and Related Topics

Author: Frédéric Ferraty

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2011-06-15

Total Pages: 322

ISBN-13: 3790827363

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New technologies allow us to handle increasingly large datasets, while monitoring devices are becoming ever more sophisticated. This high-tech progress produces statistical units sampled over finer and finer grids. As the measurement points become closer, the data can be considered as observations varying over a continuum. This intrinsic continuous data (called functional data) can be found in various fields of science, including biomechanics, chemometrics, econometrics, environmetrics, geophysics, medicine, etc. The failure of standard multivariate statistics to analyze such functional data has led the statistical community to develop appropriate statistical methodologies, called Functional Data Analysis (FDA). Today, FDA is certainly one of the most motivating and popular statistical topics due to its impact on crucial societal issues (health, environment, etc). This is why the FDA statistical community is rapidly growing, as are the statistical developments . Therefore, it is necessary to organize regular meetings in order to provide a state-of-art review of the recent advances in this fascinating area. This book collects selected and extended papers presented at the second International Workshop of Functional and Operatorial Statistics (Santander, Spain, 16-18 June, 2011), in which many outstanding experts on FDA will present the most relevant advances in this pioneering statistical area. Undoubtedly, these proceedings will be an essential resource for academic researchers, master students, engineers, and practitioners not only in statistics but also in numerous related fields of application.

Statistical Methods for Health Care Research
Statistical Methods for Health Care Research

Author: Barbara Hazard Munro

Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Published: 2005

Total Pages: 518

ISBN-13: 9780781748407

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Focusing on the statistical methods most frequently used in the health care literature and featuring numerous charts, graphs, and up-to-date examples from the literature, this text provides a thorough foundation for the statistics portion of nursing and all health care research courses. All Fifth Edition chapters include new examples and new computer printouts using the latest software, SPSS for Windows, Version 12. New material on regression diagnostics has been added.