This review describes the main types of stabilisers with the focus on those categories for polyolefins. It also elucidates some of the physical and chemical aspects of such products when incorporated into the polymer matrix, discussing stability during weathering, heat ageing and processing. The review is supported by several hundred relevant abstracts selected from the Polymer Library.
Polymers play a vital role in manufacturing processes of many kinds, and the development of new polymeric materials is of increasing importance in the field of materials science. Because of this, there is a need to understand why the properties of polymers change, what can be done to avoid degradation and failure, and how performance can be maintained over a much longer lifespan. The authors deal firstly with the process of degradation through oxidation, and then explain how the addition of various antioxidants can inhibit or retard this process. They present a unique discussion of the physico-chemical aspects, particularly the chemical kinetics of antioxidant action and of branched chain reaction kinetics, and the theory of critical phenomena inhibited oxidation. The last part of the book offers practical advice on methods of oxidation investigation, on selection of appropriate antixodants, and on the basic principles of performance prognosis. The book also includes a unique coverage of the regularities of additive solubility.
Plastic films are high-performance materials which play an essential part in modern life. The plastics films industry uses state-of-the-art manufacturing processes and is continuously seeking out new technologies to improve its performance. The understanding of the nature of plastic films, their production techniques, applications and their characterisation is essential for producing new types of plastic films. This handbook has been written to discuss the production and main uses of plastic films. Plastic films are high-performance materials which play an essential part in modern life. Plastic films are mostly used in packaging applications but as will be seen from this book they are also used in the agricultural, medical and engineering fields. The plastics films industry uses state-of-the-art manufacturing processes and is continuously seeking out new technologies to improve its performance. The understanding of the nature of plastic films, their production techniques, applications and their characterisation is essential for producing new types of plastic films. This handbook has been written to discuss the production and main uses of plastic films.
This industrially relevant resource covers all established and emerging analytical methods for the deformulation of polymeric materials, with emphasis on the non-polymeric components. Each technique is evaluated on its technical and industrial merits. Emphasis is on understanding (principles and characteristics) and industrial applicability. Extensively illustrated throughout with over 200 figures, 400 tables, and 3,000 references.
The purpose of the present series of publications is two-fold. In the first place it is intended to review progress in the development of practical stabilising systems for a wide range of polymers and applications. A complementary and ultimately more important objec tive is to accommodate these practical developments within the framework of antioxidant theory, since there can be little question that further major advances in the practice of stabilisation technology will only be possible on the basis of a firm mechanistic foundation. Research into the role of 'stable' free radicals as antioxidants and stabilisers for polymers has intensified in recent years. Nitroxyl radicals (nitroxides) were the earliest long-lived radicals to be investi gated in detail and Maslov and Zaikov review the developments that have taken place in understanding their reaction mechanisms from the time when they were first investigated in liquid hydrocarbon systems to the present day when their outstanding performance as light stabilisers has been the object of much scientific research. Although some features of their reactivity remain obscure, the authors approach the problem kinetically and indicate the factors limiting their effectiveness.
The purpose of this publication is two-fold. In the first place it is intended to review progress in the development of practical stabilising systems for a wide range of polymers and applications. A complemen tary and ultimately more important objective is to accommodate these practical developments within the framework of antioxidant theory, since there can be little question that further major advances in the practice of stabilisation technology will only be possible on a firm mechanistic foundation. With the continual increase in the number of commercial anti oxidants and stabilisers, often functioning by mechanisms not even considered ten years ago, there is a need for a general theory which will allow the potential user to predict the performance of a particular antioxidant structure under specific practical conditions. Any such predictive tool must involve a simplified kinetic approach to inhibited oxidation and, in Chapter 1, Denisov outlines a possible mechanistic approach with the potential to predict the most useful antioxidant to use and the limits of its usefulness. In Chapter 2, Schwetlick reviews the current state of knowledge on the antioxidant mechanisms of the phosphite esters with particular emphasis on their catalytic peroxidolytic activity. Dithiophosphate v vi PREFACE derivatives show a similar behaviour but for quite different reasons and, in Chapter 3, AI-Malaika reviews information available from analytical studies, particularly using 31p_NMR spectroscopy, to elucid ate the complex chemistry that leads to the formation of the antioxidant -active agents.
Polyolefins are one of the most widely used commercial polymers. This book reviews the most important polyolefins, including polyethylene and polypropylene. These versatile fibres are durable, chemically resistant, lightweight, economical and functional. Polyolefin fibres: industrial and medical applications provides a comprehensive review of the structure and properties of this group of fibres, together with methods to improve the functionality of polyolefins and their range of applications.The first set of chapters discusses the different types of polyolefins, their structural and chemical properties as well as their production methods. The second group of chapters examines how to improve the functionality of polyolefin fibres. A final group of chapters addresses how polyolefins can be incorporated into specific applications such as industrial, medical and automotive products.Written by a distinguished team of international contributors, Polyolefin fibres: industrial and medical applications is a quintessential reference for textile technologists, fibre scientists, yarn and fabric manufacturers and also those in academia. - Reviews the most important polyolefins including polyethylene and polyproplene, their structural and chemical properties as well as production methods - Examines methods to improve the functionality of polyolefin fibres including production methods and quality control
The vast majority of plastic products are made from petroleum-based synthetic polymers that do not degrade in a landfill or in a compost-like environment. Therefore, the disposal of these products poses a serious environmental problem. An environmentally-conscious alternative is to design/synthesize polymers that are biodegradable.Biodegradable polymers for industrial applications introduces the subject by outlining the classification and development of biodegradable polymers. Materials available for the production of biodegradable polymers are explored. Polymers derived from sugars, natural fibres, renewable forest resources, poly(lactic acid) and protein-nanoparticle composites are looked at in detail in this section. The properties and mechanisms of degradation are looked at, prefacing the subject with a chapter on current standards. The final part explores opportunities for industrial applications, with chapters on packing, agriculture and biodegradable polycaprolactone foams in supercritical carbon dioxide.Biodegradable polymers for industrial applications explores the fundamental concepts concerning the development of biodegradable polymers, degradable polymers from sustainable sources, degradation and properties and industrial applications. It is an authoritative book that is invaluable for academics, researchers and policy makers in the industry. - Reviews the importance and industrial use of biodegradable polymers and degradable polymers from sustainable sources - An invaluable resource for both academics and industry - Edited by a leading authority in the field with contributions from a worldwide team of experts
