NMFS proposes to specify annual catch limits (ACL) and accountability measures (AM) for Hawaii Deep 7 bottomfish in fishing years 2015-16, 2016-17, and 2017-18, as recommended by the Western Pacific Fishery Management Council. This environmental assessment (EA) analyzes the potential environmental effects of the proposed action. NMFS would implement the specifications for each fishing year separately. The specifications would apply to bottomfish fishing in federal waters (the Exclusive Economic Zone or EEZ; generally 3-200 nm from shore) around the main Hawaiian Islands (MHI). As an AM, NMFS would close the fishery if data indicate that the fishery will reach the ACL. NMFS would also correct the next year's ACL if an overage occurs. The MHI Deep 7 bottomfish are onaga, ehu, gindai, kalekale, opakapaka, lehi, and hapuupuu.
The Western Pacific Fishery Management Council (Council) recommended that NMFS specify multi-year annual catch limits (ACL) and accountability measures (AM) effective in fishing years 2015-2018, the environmental effects of which are analyzed in this document. NMFS proposes to implement the specifications for fishing year 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2018 separately prior to each fishing year. The specifications pertain to ACLs for non-Deep 7 bottomfish fisheries in federal waters of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ; generally 3-200 nautical miles or nm) around the main Hawaiian Islands (MHI), and a post-season accountability measure (AM) to correct the overage of the ACL if it occurs. For the purpose of ACLs, MHI non-Deep 7 bottomfish include uku (Aprion virescens), white ulua (Caranx ignoblis), black ulua (Caranx lugubris), yellowtail kalekale (Pristipomoides auricilla), and butaguchi (Pseudocaranx dentex). The proposed ACL is associated with a less than a 30 percent probability of overfishing. 2 The fishing year for MHI non-Deep 7 bottomfish begins January 1 and ends December 31 annually. Unless modified by NMFS, the ACL and AM would be applicable in fishing years 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2018. Each fishing year, non-Deep 7 bottomfish catches from both local state/territorial waters (generally from the shoreline to three miles offshore), and federal waters of the EEZ around the MHI would be counted towards the specified ACL.
NMFS proposes to specify an annual catch limit (ACL) of 346,000 lb of Deep 7 bottomfish in federal waters of the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ; generally 3 to 200 nautical miles or nm) around the main Hawaiian Islands (MHI), as recommended by the Council. Based on a 2011 NMFS stock assessment for MHI Deep 7 bottomfish, the proposed ACL is associated with a 41 percent probability of overfishing. As an accountability measure (AM) to prevent the fishery from exceeding the ACL, NMFS proposes to close, the commercial and non-commercial fisheries for MHI Deep 7 bottomfish in federal waters on the date the NMFS projects the fishery will reach ACL through the end of the fishing year. Although not part of the proposed action, during a federal fishery closure, the State of Hawaii implements a complementary fishery closure in State waters 0-3 nm. In addition, if NMFS and the Council determines that the 2014-15 Deep 7 bottomfish catch exceeded the ACL, NMFS would reduce the Deep 7 bottomfish ACL for the 2015-16 fishing year by the amount of the overage. The fishing year for Deep 7 bottomfish begins September 1 and ends on August 31 the following year annually. Unless modified by NMFS, the ACL and AM would be applicable in the fishing 2 year 2014-15. The proposed ACL and AM is identical to the specifications NMFS implemented in the previous 2013-14 fishing year (78 FR 59626, September 27, 2013). The proposed action is needed to comply with the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, and is consistent with the provisions of the Fishery Ecosystem Plan for the Hawaii Archipelago, through which NMFS specifies ACLs and AMs for all federally managed species. The Council recommended the ACL and AM, based upon the best available scientific and commercial information and taking into account risk of overfishing, past fishery performance, and acceptable biological catch recommendation from the Council's Scientific and Statistical Committee, and input from the public. NMFS prepared this environmental assessment (EA) to evaluate the potential environmental impacts of the proposed ACL specification and AMs in fishing years 2014-15 and again in 2015-16. The EA includes a description of the information and methods used by the Council to develop the proposed ACL, and alternatives to the proposed ACL specifications. The analysis revealed that the specification of ACLs and the AM would not result in large and adverse impacts on target, non-target, or bycatch species, protected species, or on marine habitats. This is because the proposed action will continue the existing management regime and would not change the conduct of commercial or non-commercial MHI bottomfish fisheries in any way. NMFS considers the harvest of Deep 7 bottomfish in the MHI bottomfish fisheries to be sustainable, and expects that the ACL and AM specifications to prevent overfishing and provide for continued sustainable harvest. On April 21, 2015, NMFS solicited public comments on the proposed ACL and AM specification for MHI Deep 7 bottomfish and a draft EA (80 FR 22158). NMFS received three letters of comments, which were considered before finalizing the EA. The draft and final versions of this EA, and public comments received, can be found by searching on RIN 0648-XD082 at www.regulations.gov, or by contacting the responsible NMFS official or the Council at the above address.
"NMFS proposes to specify annual catch limits (ACL) and accountability measures (AM) for the multi-species bottomfish stock complexes in American Samoa, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands, and for the non-Deep 7 bottomfish stock complex in the main Hawaiian Islands (MHI). The ACLs and AMs would be applicable in fishing year 2013, which begins on January 1 and ends on December 31, 2013, which NMFS may re-specify again in fishing year 2014"--Abstract (page 1).
"NMFS proposes to specify an annual catch limit (ACL) and accountability measures (AM) for bottomfish stocks and stock complexes in American Samoa, Guam, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and for non-Deep 7 bottomfish stock Hawaii. The ACLs and AMs will be applicable in fishing years 2012 and 2013, which run from January 1 to December 31. The purpose of this action is to comply with provisions of the fishery ecosystem plans (FEP) for American Samoa, the Mariana Archipelago, and Hawaii which require NMFS to specify an ACL for each stock and stock complex in the western Pacific bottomfish fisheries and implement AMs that prevent ACLs from being exceeded, and correct or mitigate overages should they occur. The ACL specifications and AMs were developed by the Council using the best available scientific information and were coordinated with the public. The ACLs and AMs are intended to provide for long-term sustainability of the bottomfish fisheries of the western Pacific. NMFS prepared an environmental assessment (EA) to consider the effects of the proposed specifications on the environment. The ACL specifications are not accompanied by in-season closures, but rather, by AMs that call for a post-season fishery review of the fishery to determine whether an ACL was exceeded, and, if so, additional consideration of whether stocks were adversely affected, and the possibility of adjusting the ACL. Because there is no in-season management measure (such as a fishery closure should an ACL be reached), the manner in which the coral reef fisheries of the region are conducted is not likely to change. Future evaluations of the fishery and ACL adjustments are expected to prevent any of the fish stocks from being subject to overfishing or becoming overfished"--Cover letter; Portfolio comprised of three related PDF documents digitized and organized by: NOAA Office of Program Planning and Integration (PPI) National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) staff.
"Rebuilding depleted stocks is a central part of the fisheries governance agenda. By analysing the available literature, Part 1 of "Rebuilding of marine fisheries" provides a global review of the emergence of the rebuilding paradigm, its key concepts, the trends in fishery resources, and the empirical evidence available on stocks depletion, collapse and rebuilding. It addresses the bio-ecological, economic, and human dimensions of rebuilding or restoration of stocks, multispecies assemblages and habitats/ecosystems and touches on the need for rebuilding at the whole sector level when depletion has become widespread and chronic. The human imensions of stocks and fisheries are given particular attention, looking at conflicting objectives, the bio-economy of rebuilding, its costs and benefits, and the distributional effects of the related reform among actors with their potential social consequences in the short and long terms. Governance is addressed in detail: legal and policy frameworks; rationale and objectives of a rebuilding regime; alternative rebuilding strategies; reference values and protocols; regulatory time-frames; risk management and harvest control rules; impacts of climatic oscillations; management tool-box; implementation guidance and performance evaluation. The document ends with a review of the determinants of success of a rebuilding programme."--Publisher's description for part 1.
This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. This volume addresses the potential for combining large-scale marine aquaculture of macroalgae, molluscs, crustaceans, and finfish, with offshore structures, primarily those associated with energy production, such as wind turbines and oil-drilling platforms. The volume offers a comprehensive overview and includes chapters on policy, science, engineering, and economic aspects to make this concept a reality. The compilation of chapters authored by internationally recognized researchers across the globe addresses the theoretical and practical aspects of multi-use, and presents case studies of research, development, and demonstration-scale installations in the US and EU.
Human beings' responsibility to and for their fellow animals has become an increasingly controversial subject. This book provides a provocative overview of the many different perspectives on the issues of animal rights and animal welfare in an easy-to-use encyclopedic format. Original contributions, from over 125 well-known philosophers, biologists, and psychologists in this field, create a well-balanced and multi-disciplinary work. Users will be able to examine critically the varied angles and arguments and gain a better understanding of the history and development of animal rights and animal protectionist movements around the world. Outstanding Reference Source Best Reference Source
