Opening Schools and Closing Prisons
Opening Schools and Closing Prisons

Author: Andrew G. Ralston

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2016-11-10

Total Pages: 207

ISBN-13: 1315409712

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The book covers the period from 1812, when the Tron Riot in Edinburgh dramatically drew attention to the ‘lamentable extent of juvenile depravity’, up to 1872, when the Education Act (Scotland) inaugurated a system of universal schooling. During the 1840s and 1850s in particular there was a move away from a punitive approach to young offenders to one based on reformation and prevention. Scotland played a key role in developing reformatory institutions – notably the Glasgow House of Refuge, the largest of its type in the UK – and industrial schools which provided meals and education for children in danger of falling into crime. These schools were pioneered in Aberdeen by Sheriff William Watson and in Edinburgh by the Reverend Thomas Guthrie and exerted considerable influence throughout the United Kingdom. The experience of the Scottish schools was crucial in the development of legislation for a national, UK-wide system between 1854 and 1866.

English Local Prisons, 1860-1900
English Local Prisons, 1860-1900

Author: Sean McConville

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2018-10-24

Total Pages: 838

ISBN-13: 1136104046

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The local prisons of the latter half of the nineteenth century refined systems of punishment so harsh that one judge considered the maximum penalty of two years local imprisonment to be the most severe punishment known to English law: "next only to death". This work examines how private perceptions and concerns became public policy. It also traces the move in English government from the rural and aristocratic to the urban and more democratic. It follows the rise of the powerful elite of the higher civil service, describes some of the forces that attempted to oppose it, and provides a window through which to view the process of state formation.

The Liverpool Underworld
The Liverpool Underworld

Author: Michael Macilwee

Publisher: Liverpool University Press

Published: 2022-04-02

Total Pages: 375

ISBN-13: 1781388857

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A survey of the social and economic conditions and events that gave Liverpool a reputation for being the most crime-ridden place in the country in the nineteenth century.

Inequality, Poverty, Education
Inequality, Poverty, Education

Author: F. Ashurst

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2014-02-07

Total Pages: 186

ISBN-13: 1137347015

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This book challenges the practice of exclusion by uncovering its roots in 19th century social and educational policy targeting poor children. Revealing a hidden history of exclusion, this analysis exposes the connections between the state, the education system and social policy, and opens a space for radical alternatives.

Fagin's Children
Fagin's Children

Author: Jeannie Duckworth

Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing

Published: 2002-11-01

Total Pages: 278

ISBN-13: 0826444520

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Charles Dickens's Oliver Twist, with Fagin, Sykes, the Artful Dodger, and children trained as pickpockets and sent out as burglar's accomplices, provides an unforgettable fictional image of the Victorian underworld. Fagin's Children is an account of the reality of child crime in 19th-century Britain and the reaction of the authorities to it. It reveals both the poverty and misery of many children's lives in the growing industrial cities of Britain and of changing attitudes toward the problem. Inevitably most is known about children who were arrested. While few children were hanged after 1800, their treatment ranged from whipping to imprisonment, sometimes in the hulks, and transportation. Increasingly, elements of training and reclamation came into a system principally aimed at punishment. Fagin's Children is an original and important contribution both to the history of Victorian crime and to the history of childhood.