Bisaha provides the most comprehensive and nuanced account now available of the attitudes of Western intellectuals to the Turks, the Byzantines, and crusading in Renaissance Italy, an important time and place for the formation of Western cultural identity.--James Hankins, Harvard University
Drawing on political oratory, diplomatic correspondence, crusade propaganda, and historical treatises, Meserve shows how research into the origins of Islamic empires sprang from—and contributed to—contemporary debates over the threat of Islamic expansion in the Mediterranean. This groundbreaking book offers new insights into Renaissance humanist scholarship and long-standing European debates over the relationship between Christianity and Islam.
This volume brings together some of the latest research on the cultural, intellectual, and commercial interactions during the Renaissance between Western Europe and the Middle East, with particular reference to the Ottoman Empire. Recent scholarship has brought to the fore the economic, political, cultural, and personal interactions between Western European Christian states and the Eastern Mediterranean Islamic states, and has therefore highlighted the incongruity of conceiving of an iron curtain bisecting the mentalities of the various socio-political and religious communities located in the same Euro-Mediterranean space. Instead, the emphasis here is on interpreting the Mediterranean as a world traversed by trade routes and associated cultural and intellectual networks through which ideas, people and goods regularly travelled. The fourteen articles in this volume contribute to an exciting cross-cultural and inter-disciplinary scholarly dialogue that explores elements of continuity and exchange between the two areas and positions the Ottoman Empire as an integral element of the geo-political and cultural continuum within which the Renaissance evolved. The aim of this volume is to refine current understandings of the diverse artistic, intellectual and political interactions in the early modern Mediterranean world and, in doing so, to contribute further to the discussion of the scope and nature of the Renaissance. The articles, from major scholars of the field, include discussions of commercial contacts; the exchange of technological, cartographical, philosophical, and scientific knowledge; the role of Venice in transmitting the culture of the Islamic East Mediterranean to Western Europe; the use of Middle Eastern objects in the Western European Renaissance; shared sources of inspiration in Italian and Ottoman architecture; musical exchanges; and the use of East Mediterranean sources in Western scholarship and European sources in Ottoman scholarship.
Authored by some of the most preeminent Renaissance scholars active today, the essays of this volume give fresh and illuminating analyses of important aspects of Renaissance humanism, such as the time and causes of its origin, its connection to the papal court and medieval traditions, its classical learning, its religious and literary dimensions, and its dramatis personae. Their interpretations are varied to the point of being contradictory. The essays bear the imprint of the work of the eminent scholars of the second half of the twentieth century, especially Kristeller’s, and demonstrate an awareness of the various modes of critical inquiry that have prevailed in recent years. As such they are an important exemplar of current scholarship on Renaissance humanism and are, therefore, indispensable to the scholar who wishes to explore this pivotal cultural movement. Contributors include: Robert Black, Alison Brown, Riccardo Fubini, Paul F. Grendler, James Hankins, Eckhard Kessler, Arthur F. Kinney, Angelo Mazzocco, Giuseppe Mazzotta, Massimo Miglio, John Monfasani, Charles G. Nauert, and Ronald G. Witt.
The fourteen articles in this volume bring together some of the latest research on the cultural, intellectual and commercial interactions during the Renaissance between Western Europe and the Middle East, with particular reference to the Ottoman Empire. The articles contribute to an exciting cross-cultural and inter-disciplinary scholarly dialogue that explores elements of continuity and exchange between the two areas, and positions the Ottoman Empire as an integral element of the geo-political and cultural continuum within which the Renaissance evolved.
Contesting the argument that Restoration-period drama referred almost exclusively to domestic social and political issues, this text interrogates the extent to which seventeenth century heroic plays justify and perpetuate stereotypical representations of the Ottoman Turks in Western discourse. It provides a comprehensive account of representation of “the Other” based on difference. Joining historical discussions ranging from the Ottoman Empire’s rise as a world power to the development of British imperial ideology, the book asserts that dramatic texts and production provide a rich and unexamined archive in which the issues of representation, difference, and cultural stereotyping are attendant on the emergence of imperial figure largely. This account not only deciphers representation of the Ottoman Turks based on simplification and stereotyping in dramatic representations, but also throws light on the most pressing political issues of seventeenth century England, including revolution, regicide, and restoration, dramatized in the guise of the Ottoman Turks and Ottoman history. The book’s attention to the Ottoman-related themes of a number of plays decisively redraws the map of Restoration drama.
Key protagonists in these debates included Erasmus, Luther and Machiavelli. Today we might call them intellectuals, yet mostly they did not travel, and direct contact with the Ottoman Empire was scarce or nonexistent. Nor were they well disposed to its predecessor, the Byzantine Empire, whose fall presented them with an intellectual conundrum: how were they to explain the irresistible advance of the Ottomans across the Balkans and the inability of Christian Europe to hold the line? They also felt compelled to incorporate this significant new threat into their vision of a world order, to rationalise it, to unravel its origins. These discussions spawned a common market of ideas in the fifteenth and sixteenth century, as Europeans debated and represented the Ottoman threat. Readers of this book will find many echoes in Pippidi's analysis of today's debates about the relationship of Turkey with Europe and the struggle to accommodate the descendants of the Ottomans in our midst.
This book explores how the Renaissance entailed a global exchange of goods, skills and ideas between East and West. In chapters ranging from Ottoman history to Venetian publishing, from portraits of St George to Arab philosophy, from cannibalism to diplomacy, the authors interrogate what all too often may seem to be settled certainties, such as the difference between East and West, the invariable conflict between Islam and Christianity, and the 'rebirth' of European civilization from roots in classical Greece and Imperial Rome.
This book presents selections from a little-known body of Renaissance Latin literature, translated into English for the first time, by Italian, Byzantine Greek and French humanist scholars from the period 1397-1482, spanning the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans. They illustrate contemporary ideas about the Ottoman Empire, its relationship to Christian Europe and the nature of crusade and crusading, and fall into two categories: first, exhortations, letters and orations which call attention to the threat posed to Europe by the Ottoman Turks and appeal for a new crusade against them; and second, historiography on the earlier European crusades and on contemporary campaigns against the Turks.Written by educated politicians, diplomats, courtiers and scholars, these texts reveal both significant continuities with and interesting departures from earlier crusade writing. 15th-century humanists tended to describe crusade according to ancient rhetorical categories such as the secular glory (honor) and strategic advantage (utilitas) of the enterprise; they also defined it as a campaign to defend Europe - an entity whose political and cultural identity was itself in process of redefinition - against external aggression, rather than as a spiritual campaign of holy war or recuperatio. Accordingly, humanist images of the Muslim enemy also developed in new directions. Scholars portrayed the Ottomans not only as religious infidels, but also as barbarian enemies of classical learning and culture, and as masters of a formidable political and military system that seriously challenged European sovereignty. They also tended to apply these interpretations to the history of the earlier crusades, as well, resulting in some original (sometimes highly creative) re-readings of the medieval conquest and loss of the Holy Land.This literature circulated widely among educated readers and much was published by early printers. Very few of these texts are available in modern editions, however, and even fewer have ever been translated into modern languages.