Regulating Private Tutoring for Public Good
Regulating Private Tutoring for Public Good

Author: Mark Bray

Publisher: Hong Kong University Press

Published: 2014

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13: 9789881785299

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Recent years have brought global expansion of private supplementary tutoring alongside regular school systems. This expansion has far-reaching implications for the nurturing of new generations, for social and economic development, and for the operation of school systems. Some dimensions are positive while other dimensions are problematic. Supplementary tutoring is especially visible in Asia. The formats of tutoring range from one-to-one provision to large classes. Some tutoring is provided by teachers and by specialist companies, while other tutoring is provided informally by university students and others. Using a comparative lens, this book examines possible government responses to the expansion of private supplementary tutoring. In general, the book suggests, the sector should be given more attention. The work shows wide diversity in the regulations introduced by governments in the Asian region. It notes not only that these governments can learn much from each other, but also that policy makers in other parts of the world can usefully look at patterns in Asia. The book also stresses the value of partnerships between governments, tutoring providers, schools, teachers' unions, and other bodies.

Shadow Education
Shadow Education

Author: Mark Bray

Publisher: Asian Development Bank

Published: 2012-05-01

Total Pages: 152

ISBN-13: 9290926597

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In all parts of Asia, households devote considerable expenditures to private supplementary tutoring. This tutoring may contribute to students' achievement, but it also maintains and exacerbates social inequalities, diverts resources from other uses, and can contribute to inefficiencies in education systems. Such tutoring is widely called shadow education, because it mimics school systems. As the curriculum in the school system changes, so does the shadow. This study documents the scale and nature of shadow education in different parts of the region. Shadow education has been a major phenomenon in East Asia and it has far-reaching economic and social implications.

Researching Private Supplementary Tutoring
Researching Private Supplementary Tutoring

Author: Mark Bray

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2016-03-01

Total Pages: 297

ISBN-13: 3319300423

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Private supplementary tutoring, widely known as shadow education because of the way that it mimics mainstream schooling, has greatly expanded worldwide. It consumes considerable family resources, provides employment for tutors, occupies the time of students, and has a backwash on regular schools. Although such tutoring has become a major industry and a daily activity for students, tutors and families, the research literature has been slow to catch up with the phenomenon. The topic is in some respects difficult to research, precisely because it is shadowy. Contours are indistinct, and the actors may hesitate to share their experiences and perspectives. Presenting methodological lessons from diverse cultures, the book contains chapters from both high-income and low-income settings in Asia, Caribbean, Europe and the Middle East. Separately and together, the chapters present valuable insights into the design and conduct of research. The book will assist both consumers and producers of research. Consumers will become better judges of the strengths, weaknesses and orientations of literature on the theme; and producers will gain insights for design of instruments, collection of data, and interpretation of findings. The editors: Mark Bray is UNESCO Chair Professor in Comparative Education at the University of Hong Kong. Ora Kwo is an Associate Professor in the Comparative Education Research Centre at the University of Hong Kong. Boris Jokić is a Scientific Associate in the Centre for Educational Research and Development at the Institute for Social Research in Zagreb, Croatia.

Rethinking education: towards a global common good?
Rethinking education: towards a global common good?

Author: UNESCO

Publisher: UNESCO Publishing

Published: 2015-05-26

Total Pages: 85

ISBN-13: 9231000888

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Economic growth and the creation of wealth have cut global poverty rates, yet vulnerability, inequality, exclusion and violence have escalated within and across societies throughout the world. Unsustainable patterns of economic production and consumption promote global warming, environmental degradation and an upsurge in natural disasters. Moreover, while we have strengthened international human rights frameworks over the past several decades, implementing and protecting these norms remains a challenge.These changes signal the emergence of a new global context for learning that has vital implications for education. Rethinking the purpose of education and the organization of learning has never been more urgent. This book is inspired by a humanistic vision of education and development, based on respect for life and human dignity, equal rights, social justice, cultural diversity, international solidarity and shared responsibility for a sustainable future. It proposes that we consider education and knowledge as global common goods, in order to reconcile the purpose and organization of education as a collective societal endeavour in a complex world.

Confronting the Shadow Education System
Confronting the Shadow Education System

Author: Mark Bray

Publisher: United Nations Educational, Scientific & Cultural Organization

Published: 2009

Total Pages: 146

ISBN-13:

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This book focuses on the so-called shadow education system of private supplementary tutoring. In parts of East Asia it has long existed on a large scale and it is now becoming increasingly evident in other parts of Asia and in Africa, Europe and North America. Pupils commonly receive fee-free education in public schools and then at the end of the day and/or during week-ends and vacations supplementary tutoring in the same subjects on a fee-paying basis.Supplementary private tutoring can have positive dimensions. It helps students to cover the curriculum, provides a structured occupation for pupils outside school hours, and provides incomes for the tutors. However, tutoring may also have negative dimensions. If left to market forces, tutoring is likely to maintain and increase social inequalities, and it can create excessive pressure for young people who have inadequate time for non-academic activities. Especially problematic are situations in which school teachers provide extra tutoring in exchange for fees from their regular pupils.This book begins by surveying the scale, nature and implications of the shadow education system in a range of settings. It then identifies possible government responses to the phenomenon and encourages a proactive approach to designing appropriate policies.

Theorizing Shadow Education and Academic Success in East Asia
Theorizing Shadow Education and Academic Success in East Asia

Author: Young Chun Kim

Publisher: Taylor & Francis

Published: 2021-07-12

Total Pages: 260

ISBN-13: 1000409899

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This volume tackles perceived myths surrounding the academic excellence of East Asian students, and moves beyond Western understanding to offer in-depth analysis of the crucial role that shadow education plays in students’ academic success. Featuring a broad range of contributions from countries including Japan, China, Taiwan, and Singapore, chapters draw on rich qualitative research to place in the foreground the lived experiences of students, teachers, and parents in East Asian countries. In doing so, the text provides indigenous insights into the uses, values, and meanings of shadow education and highlights unknown cultural and regional aspects, as well as related phenomena including trans-boundary learning culture, nomadic learning, individualized learning, and the post-schooling era. Ultimately challenging the previously dominating Western perspective on shadow education, the volume offers innovative theorization to highlight shadow education as a phenomenon which cannot be overlooked in broader discussion of East Asian educational performance, systems, and policy. Offering pioneering insights into the growing phenomenon of shadow education, this text will benefit researchers, academics, and educators with an interest in international and comparative education, curriculum studies, and East Asian educational practices and policy. Those interested in the sociology of education and educational policy will also benefit from this book.

Better Spending for Better Lives
Better Spending for Better Lives

Author: Alejandro Izquierdo

Publisher: Inter-American Development Bank

Published: 2018-09-16

Total Pages: 453

ISBN-13: 1597823317

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How can this puzzle of larger demands and fiscal strengthening be solved? This edition of the development in the Americas (DIA) report focuses precisely on this question. The book suggests that the answer is about fiscal efficiency and smart spending rather than the standard solution of across-the-board spending cuts to achieve fiscal sustainability— sometimes at great cost for society. It is about doing more with less. · Analysis of government spending in Latin America and the Caribbean reveals widespread waste and inefficiencies that could be as large as 4.4 percent of the region’s GDP, showing there is ample room to improve basic services without necessarily spending more resources. · The publication argues against across-the-board cuts. It looks at whether countries spend too much or too little on different priorities, whether they invest enough to ensure a better future, and whether those expenditures make inequality better or worse. · Along with the diagnosis, the report offers several policy recommendations on how to improve the efficiency of government spending.

FISIP IDEAS MATTER 6.0 Dalam rangka Dies natalis FISIP ke-41 Universitas Airlangga “Society Against The Peril of Cyberspace: Creating Viable Strategies for Tomorrow’s Terrain”
FISIP IDEAS MATTER 6.0 Dalam rangka Dies natalis FISIP ke-41 Universitas Airlangga “Society Against The Peril of Cyberspace: Creating Viable Strategies for Tomorrow’s Terrain”

Author: Dr. Fitri Mutia, A.KS., M.Si; Ragil Tri Atmi., S.IIP., MA; Hazmi Fahim bin Haznain; Nabila Arsifatika; Lukman Effendi; Siti Nurulnaziha binti Husni; Muhammad Alif bin Sharbany; Wan Mohammad Aiman bin Wan Zam Zani; Nicholas Sinaga; NDr. Fitri Mutia, A.KS., M.Si; Ragil Tri Atmi., S.IIP., MA; Hazmi Fahim bin Haznain; Nabila Arsifatika; Lukman Effendi; Siti Nurulnaziha binti Husni; Muhammad Alif bin Sharbany; Wan Mohammad Aiman bin Wan Zam Zani; Nicholas Sinaga; Naretta Veronica; Gina Salsabilaaretta Veronica; Gina Salsabila

Publisher: Zifatama Jawara

Published: 2020-12-29

Total Pages: 195

ISBN-13: 6025815224

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Buku ini memuat esai yang mengusung tema “Society Against the Peril of Cyberspace: Creating Viable Strategies for Tomorrow’s Terrain”. Pemilihan tema tersebut bercermin dari semakin terikatnya masyarakat dengan segala bentuk aktivitas di dalam lingkup cyber atau cyberspace. Siapa pun dapat melakukan apa pun dalam lingkup ini, namun sayangnya keterikatan masyarakat menimbulkan konsekuensi tertentu. Oleh karena itu, perlu dibentuk pemahaman yang tepat untuk melindungi masa depan masyarakat global agar mamu hidup berdampingan dengan cyberspace secara seimbang.

International Handbook on Education Development in the Asia-Pacific
International Handbook on Education Development in the Asia-Pacific

Author: Wing On Lee

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2023-11-20

Total Pages: 2588

ISBN-13: 981196887X

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The Springer International Handbook of Educational Development in Asia Pacific breaks new ground with a comprehensive, fine-grained and diverse perspective on research and education development throughout the Asia Pacific region. In 13 sections and 127 chapters, the Handbook delves into a wide spectrum of contemporary topics including educational equity and quality, language education, learning and human development, workplace learning, teacher education and professionalization, higher education organisations, citizenship and moral education, and high performing education systems. The Handbook is grounded in specific Asia Pacific contexts and scholarly traditions, using unique country-specific narratives, for example, Vietnam and Melanesia, and socio-cultural investigations through lenses such as language identity or colonisation, while offering parallel academic discourse and analyses framed by broader policy commentary from around the world.