Research Paper (postgraduate) from the year 2011 in the subject Business economics - Banking, Stock Exchanges, Insurance, Accounting, grade: 70%, University of Westminster (Westminster Business School), course: MSc Finance and Accounting/ MSc International Finance, language: English, abstract: This coursework examines the effects which the financial crisis from 2007 to 2009 had in financial markets and institutions. Particularly, we are deeply analyzing the impact in the Stock Markets in the USA and Europe. We will concentrate on US stock market (S&P 500) and provide an incessant brief link to European stock markets such as FTSE 100 and DAX. The financial crisis from 2007 to 2009 is considered by many economists to be the worst crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. Furthermore, the use of monetary and fiscal policies and regulatory reforms is observed as well as what where the implications of these actions. Additionally, a discussion concerning the prospects of financial regulatory and the implications for the financial sector and economic growth are of great importance. To sum up, new trends and developments of the financial landscape and new challenges for partici-pants are discussed.
Research Paper (postgraduate) from the year 2011 in the subject Business economics - Banking, Stock Exchanges, Insurance, Accounting, grade: 70%, University of Westminster (Westminster Business School), course: MSc Finance and Accounting/ MSc International Finance, language: English, abstract: This coursework examines the effects which the financial crisis from 2007 to 2009 had in financial markets and institutions. Particularly, we are deeply analyzing the impact in the Stock Markets in the USA and Europe. We will concentrate on US stock market (S&P 500) and provide an incessant brief link to European stock markets such as FTSE 100 and DAX. The financial crisis from 2007 to 2009 is considered by many economists to be the worst crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. Furthermore, the use of monetary and fiscal policies and regulatory reforms is observed as well as what where the implications of these actions. Additionally, a discussion concerning the prospects of financial regulatory and the implications for the financial sector and economic growth are of great importance. To sum up, new trends and developments of the financial landscape and new challenges for partici-pants are discussed.
Times of crisis are unexpected and they bring diverse challenges and opportunities for companies, financial markets, and the economy. On one hand, more risk and uncertainties appear, yet on the other hand, it is an opportunity to reorganize and reinvent the company. It is important for businesses to understand ways to deal with uncertainty and risk in times of economic downturn and what financial strategies and tools can be used to eliminate or reduce the potential negative effects. These effects can reach the company’s financial performance, capital structure, as well as cause financial debt and the availability of cash-flow to companies. However, different financial instruments can sustain the business and deal with the difficulties of payment when sales reduce and uncertainty increases; thus, research is essential in this critical area. When economic downturn affects the financial markets, the role of banks, country dynamics, the economy, and many other facets of the business world, financial management becomes the key for business recovery. The Handbook of Research on Financial Management During Economic Downturn and Recovery shares relevant knowledge on challenges and opportunities caused by crises, such as the pandemic, and the effects on economic and financial arenas. The chapters cover topics such as business models to understand how companies react to pandemic and crises situations, as well as how they change their management and way of conducting business. Other important topics include sustainable development, international financial markets, capital structure changes, uncertainty and risk, and governance and leadership. This book is ideal for shareholders, directors and managers, economists, researchers, academics, practitioners, stakeholders, researchers, academicians, and students interested in knowledge on topics about challenges in the way that companies, financial markets, financial institutions, and governments respond to risk and uncertainty.
The recent financial crisis has generated many structural changes within the economy. Many issues are ongoing, and the question of how to recover from the crisis, and how to avoid another one, are continually addressed by scholars and practitioners everywhere. Where there is much discussion within academic and practitioner circles, there is not always adequate interaction between these schools of research. This book provides a thorough overview of the recent financial crisis from the perspective of both industry practitioners and academics specialising in the area. The first part provides practitioner insight on the crisis, and explores the causes and effects and of the recession, European public financing, ECB monetary policy and the Euro, the repression of financial markets, and financial stability. Part two focuses on the case of Greece, as a country still heavily impacted by the crisis, which has undergone various unorthodox policies imposed by the IMF, the ECB the EU. The third part provides insight from researchers and academics, covering an array of Economic theories and revealing new economics architectures available for the future. With informed views from both financial industry practitioners and academics, this book discusses current issues and implementable solutions for a faster post-crisis recovery.
This year marks the tenth anniversary of the 2009 global recession. Most emerging market and developing economies weathered the global recession relatively well, in part by using the sizable fiscal and monetary policy ammunition accumulated during prior years of strong growth. However, their growth prospects have weakened since then, and many now have less policy space. This study provides the first comprehensive stocktaking of the past decade from the perspective of emerging market and developing economies. Many of these economies have now become more vulnerable to economic shocks. The study discusses lessons from the global recession and policy options for these economies to strengthen growth and prepare for the possibility of another global downturn.
This paper reviews the literature on financial crises focusing on three specific aspects. First, what are the main factors explaining financial crises? Since many theories on the sources of financial crises highlight the importance of sharp fluctuations in asset and credit markets, the paper briefly reviews theoretical and empirical studies on developments in these markets around financial crises. Second, what are the major types of financial crises? The paper focuses on the main theoretical and empirical explanations of four types of financial crises—currency crises, sudden stops, debt crises, and banking crises—and presents a survey of the literature that attempts to identify these episodes. Third, what are the real and financial sector implications of crises? The paper briefly reviews the short- and medium-run implications of crises for the real economy and financial sector. It concludes with a summary of the main lessons from the literature and future research directions.
The Financial Crisis That Originated In Thailand On July 2, 1997 Spread To Other Parts Of Asia, Particularly East Asia, Quite Rapidly. The Extent Of The Crisis, Its Spread To Economies That Had Revealed No Clear Grounds That Anything Was Wrong, And The Slow Recovery Came As A Shock To Most Analysts. Only When The Crisis Deepened Were The Fundamental Policy Shortcomings And Their Ramifications Fully Exposed. The Realization That While Financial Crises Cannot Be Eliminated Altogether, Much Could Be Done To Predict Them And Manage Them Better Has Led To Further Examination Of The Causes Of The Crisis.Against This Scenario, This Book Probes Into The Principal Factors That Led To The East Asian Crisis. Both The Pre-Crisis Period And The Post-Crisis Period Are Examined In Detail. The Imf S Controversial Role And Its Prescriptions For Resolving The Crisis Are Also Discussed At Length.As There Are Some Similarities Between The East Asian And The Mexican Financial Crisis, A Review Of The Latter Is Also Undertaken. The Instrumental Roles Played By Capital Flows, Exchange Rate Arrangements And The Weakness Of The Financial Systems Are Analyzed.Since Restructuring Is Necessary To Turn The Problem-Ridden Corporate Sector Into Sound And Healthy Ones In The Crisis-Affected Countries, It Is Important To Emphasize The Different Aspects Of Financial And Corporate Restructuring. The Options Of Restructuring, Vulnerabilities In The Corporate Sector, Importance Of A Bankruptcy Law And Debt-Workouts Are All Highlighted.As Financial Sector Policies In Least Developed Countries Have Undergone Profound Changes During The Last Three Decades, A Separate Chapter Has Been Devoted To This Topic Which Also Covers The Impact Of Financial Liberalization And The Issue Of Regulation And Supervision Of Banks.The Last Chapter Of This Book Attempts To Provide Some Broad Guidelines For Minimizing The Adverse Effects Of Financial Crises In The Future.
This paper takes stock of the global economic recovery a decade after the 2008 financial crisis. Output losses after the crisis appear to be persistent, irrespective of whether a country suffered a banking crisis in 2007–08. Sluggish investment was a key channel through which these losses registered, accompanied by long-lasting capital and total factor productivity shortfalls relative to precrisis trends. Policy choices preceding the crisis and in its immediate aftermath influenced postcrisis variation in output. Underscoring the importance of macroprudential policies and effective supervision, countries with greater financial vulnerabilities in the precrisis years suffered larger output losses after the crisis. Countries with stronger precrisis fiscal positions and those with more flexible exchange rate regimes experienced smaller losses. Unprecedented and exceptional policy actions taken after the crisis helped mitigate countries’ postcrisis output losses.
Why are some global financial crises more difficult to recover from than others? What steps are necessary in ensuring that financial stability and recovery is facilitated? What kind of environment has the previous financial environment evolved to? And what kind of financial products have contributed to greater vulnerability in the triggering of systemic risks? These are some of the questions that this book addresses. It also highlights the role and importance of various actors in post-crises reforms, the huge impact of certain factors, and products that are exacerbating the magnitude and speed of transmission of financial contagion. This book provides insight into why global financial crises have become more complicated to address than ever before. The author doesn’t merely identify and highlight the general root causes of global financial crises and the current issues, but gives recommendations for measures which could limit the magnitude and severity of global financial crises.
ÔThis book advances the re-unification of the Institutionalist and Keynesian traditions, now unstoppable, which when last combined eighty years ago proved the power of progressive and pragmatic thought. Let the spirit of Keynes and Commons inspire our new era Ð and perhaps this time a coherent, enduring and useful academic economics may also result.Õ Ð James K. Galbraith, President, Association for Evolutionary Economics (2012) ÔFinancial Instability and Economic Security after the Great Recession is a welcomed volume for a variety of reasons. The book does a good job of: 1) surveying the foundations of Post-Keynesian Institutionalism (PKI); 2) unfolding new ways of understanding and appreciating the economic and institutional insights of Hyman Minsky (which are many); and 3) providing new economic analysis into the recent financial crisis both in the United States and globally. . . How uncertainty affects institutions and individual behavior is something that needs more exploration, and this volume contributes to a much-needed discussion on how both institutionalists and Post-Keynesians can work together on this. . . a very interesting and stimulating book that provides some new insights in the development of both Institutionalist and Post-Keynesian thought.Õ Ð Heterodox Economics Newsletter ÔThis important and fascinating book confirms that policymakers would do well to brush up on their reading of Hyman Minsky as they wrestle with the ongoing effects of the global financial crisis. It makes a compelling case for understanding the current situation as a crisis of capitalism Ð a system that veers between stability and instability Ð and for managing and regulating economies on the basis of MinskyÕs insight that stability breeds instability. MinskyÕs insight was psychological, not merely economic, and this volume furthers the argument for including disciplines such as psychology and philosophy in understanding markets. It also helps us recognize the truth that, in the end, economies are human constructs and it will require strong doses of humanism to successfully manage our economic future.Õ Ð Michael E. Lewitt, Harch Capital Management and author of The Death of Capital: How Creative Policy Can Restore Stability ÔThe volume offers an intriguing economic frame that vastly broadens the possibilities for economic research and shifts the focus of economists from markets to people. . . This volume makes a coherent and articulate case for a new interpretation of existing economic theories with long traditions that could help inform both research and policy in the future.Õ Ð Christian Weller, Perspectives on Work ÔA failing orthodoxy calls out for powerful alternatives. Neoclassical economics is that failed orthodoxy; Whalen and his contributors are the critical alternative. In this finely orchestrated edited volume, the contributors take turns wielding a sledgehammer to demolish the weakened edifice of neoclassical theory. Then, each adds a brick to a new theoretical foundation as they work together to expand upon the Post-Keynesian Institutionalist approach, especially the ideas laid down by Hyman Minsky. Their critique is clear and the alternative theory and policies they present are critical for anyone trying to understand the nature and operation of market-based economies.Õ Ð Dorene Isenberg, University of Redlands, US ÔA convergence of Post Keynesian and Institutional economics, which have much in common, offers a sound and practical way forward after the Great Recession. By drawing inspiration from Hyman Minsky and tracing similarities in the economics of Veblen, Commons and Keynes, this book pursues such a convergence in an original and thought-provoking manner. The result is a new way of thinking about economics, one based on serious economic theory and rooted firmly in economic reality.Õ Ð Philip Arestis, University of Cambridge, UK ÔFinancial Instability and Economic Security after the Great Recession explores the close relationship between Institutional and Post Keynesian economics, thereby contributing greatly to our understanding of the recent Ð indeed, still ongoing Ð crisis in the U.S. economy and global financial markets. Together these two schools of thought provide coherent diagnoses and prescriptions that are wholly lacking in orthodox neoclassical theory. We are reminded that institutions matter, unregulated financial markets are not self-correcting, economies stall at equilibriums far below potential, and activist government is the only path to rebuilding a stable and balanced economy. This book will help greatly in the important task of rethinking economics and pointing us in the direction of reform and recovery.Õ Ð Timothy A. Canova, Chapman University School of Law, US ÔFor those who take the work of Hyman Minsky seriously, this collection of essays provides a most welcome and refreshing examination of modern economic reality. It also demonstrates just how fruitful a conjoining of Post Keynesian and Institutionalist theory can be. Whalen has chosen his authors wisely, and, taken as a whole, their contributions provide an illuminating inquiry into what Minsky called Òmoney-manager capitalismÓ. The authors continue in the Minsky tradition, complementing his theoretical work and driving it forward. I highly recommend this book to not only economists who consider themselves Post Keynesian or Institutionalist, but to all who are looking for a way out of the theoretical impasse posed by conventional economics.Õ Ð John Henry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, US ÔIn the 1930s, economic theory and policy underwent dramatic change; such a shift occurs rarely and only in times of great calamity. We are in a similar period today, and this book enlightens economic policy and contributes to change that is ongoing in the mainstream of economic thinking. Economists and policymakers alike will benefit from this book.Õ Ð Ronnie J. Phillips, Colorado State University, US ÔCharles Whalen has been the torch-bearer for Post-Keynesian Institutionalism for many years. The fruit of his thought and time is reaped in the publication of this valuable work that should be of interest to all economists, particularly those concerned with the macroeconomic workings of the real economy. While there are multiple authors, Whalen wrote or co-authored half of the chapters, giving the book coherence not usually found in a collection of essays; a first-rate book.Õ Ð Charles K. Wilber, University of Notre Dame, US ÔThe end of the Great Moderation (a period characterized by modest business cycles) and the demise of its intellectual underpinnings, such as the efficient market hypothesis, opens the door to fresh thinking about the evolution of the US and world economies. This volume responds with a compendium of insights that grow out of Post-Keynesian Institutionalism. Central constructs in the analysis Ð essential to understanding the new Great Instability and to generating constructive policy responses Ð include money-manager capitalism, financial regulation, and economic evolution. The book provides a persuasive basis for reconstructing macroeconomics and for finding sets of policies that could lead to greater world prosperity. This is an important contribution, since much of the intellectual and policy response to the current crisis has challenged the status quo very little and has not inoculated the global economy from further instability.Õ Ð Kenneth P. Jameson, University of Utah, US ÔThis book makes a major contribution toward developing an economic framework to address the policy failures that precipitated the 2007Ð2009 financial crisis and slowed recovery from the Great Recession. It begins that process with wonderfully clear analyses of the influence of earlier non-classical economic thinkers on Keynes and Minsky and then uses their insights and hypotheses to critique the economic thinking that failed to anticipate the crisis. But, unlike many other excellent analyses of recent events, it also identifies policy options capable of preventing future crises and ensuring a more rapid recovery. The authors have laid a strong foundation for the theoretical perspective required to secure the broadly shared prosperity that many view as the overriding objective of an economic system.Õ Ð Jane DÕArista, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, US ÔInstitutionalists and Post Keynesians have a great deal in common, so much so that it is surprising how little cooperation there has been between them. This innovative and engaging volume will help to put this right. Several of the contributors identify the ideas of Hyman Minsky as providing a bridge between the two traditions (in much the same way as Micha Kalecki connects Post Keynesian and Marxian thought), suggesting important ways these camps can profit from each otherÕs insights. Across the volume, the crucial concepts of ÔfuturityÕ, expectations and fundamental uncertainty shape the authorsÕ approach to economic theory, while an insistence on the need for a Ômore wisely managed capitalismÕ unites their policy discussions. This book deserves to be widely read; it will have important consequences.Õ Ð John E. King, La Trobe University, Australia This timely book rethinks economic theory and policy by addressing the problem of economic instability and the need to secure broadly shared prosperity. It stresses that advancing economics in the wake of the Great Recession requires an evolutionary standpoint, greater attention to uncertainty and expectations, and the integration of finance into macroeconomics. The result is a broader array of policy options Ð and challenges Ð than conventional economics presents. Building on the pioneering work of Thorstein Veblen, John R. Commons and John Maynard Keynes, the authors synthesize key insights from Institutional and Post Keynesian economics into Post-Keynesian Institutionalism. Then they use that framework to explore an array of economic problems confronting the United States and the world. Inspired by the work of Hyman Minsky, the authors place financial relations at the center of their analysis of how economies operate and change over time. Students and scholars of macroeconomics and public policy will find this book of interest, as will a wider audience of financial analysts, policymakers and citizens interested in understanding economic booms and downturns.
