Robust health care systems are paramount for the health, security, and prosperity of people and countries as a whole. This book provides for the first time a chronicle of the struggle for, and eventual success of, universal health coverage (UHC) in Tanzania. Beginning with an introduction to primary health care in the country, from its historical foundations to the major milestones of implementation, this book then considers stewardship of this important aspect of health systems over time. Concluding with a look to the future, forecasting the changes and new solutions needed to adapt to a changing world, this book is a valuable reference for policy makers, global health practitioners, health system managers, researchers, students, and all those with an interest in primary health care and reforms - both in Tanzania and beyond.
According to the most recent data available , 4.5 billion people were not fully covered by essential health services in their countries in 2021. Likewise, in 2019, the total population experiencing financial hardship was estimated to be 2 billion people. To scale up action to leave no one behind, WHO’s Fourteenth General Programme of Work, 2025-2028 (GPW 14) has an explicit and strong commitment to equity. In support of this, WHO has released a handbook with methods for the identification of barriers to effective coverage with health services. The 8-module handbook applies mixed method research approaches -- grounded in the Tanahashi framework for effective coverage -- to focus on barriers experienced by potential users and non-users of health services. The handbook facilitates the capturing of evidence on the interface between the population and the services. The handbook has four objectives. 1.To orient national authorities and partners on key concepts, definitions, frameworks and principles relevant to barriers assessments. 2.To build the capacity of national authorities and partners to design a research plan and apply diverse methods (e.g. informant interviews, literature reviews, quantitative analysis and focus groups) in barriers assessments. 3.To provide guidance for reporting on barrier assessment findings in a clear and actionable manner and convening key stakeholders to deliberate next steps. 4.To adapt the methods for humanitarian contexts, accounting for the need for differentiated approaches.
Lens Diseases: Advances in Research and Treatment: 2011 Edition is a ScholarlyBrief™ that delivers timely, authoritative, comprehensive, and specialized information about Lens Diseases in a concise format. The editors have built Lens Diseases: Advances in Research and Treatment: 2011 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Lens Diseases in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Lens Diseases: Advances in Research and Treatment: 2011 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.
Over the past many years, new and novel antibiotics have been developed against resistant bacterial species, but their increased clinical usage has led to reduced bacterial susceptibility and increased bacterial resistance to these novel agents. When a new antibiotic is developed, bacterial species initially show susceptibility to the agent, but with the passage of time, as the use of the antibiotic increases, the bacterial species acquire resistance against the drug or even the drug class. This book provides a comprehensive overview of antimicrobial stewardship programs and the obstacles to implementing and maintaining such programs. Antimicrobial stewardship is an important part of a multifaceted approach to preventing the emergence of antibiotic resistance in various microbial species. The book highlights the basic and initial steps necessary for initiating an antimicrobial stewardship program, as well as explores the different strategies of antimicrobial stewardship.
Accreditation of health care facilities or organizations is a frequently applied intervention to improve quality of care. However, the evidence of its effectiveness is mixed, and its impact on wider health system goals is frequently unclear. This discussion paper explores its use globally as a health care quality intervention. The paper uses a broad evidence base of accreditation, quality interventions and health systems research, combined with global interdisciplinary experience and expertise, and outlines the linkages between accreditation and other key attributes of the health system. Using a health systems lens, the paper discusses strategic questions that a health system decision-maker might consider when deliberating accreditation or similar interventions. This paper is aimed at health system leaders looking to improve quality of care and wishing to understand how accreditation can impact on the wider health system and quality landscape. The audience also includes any organization wishing to further its understanding about the value and application of quality interventions.
The UHC Partnership (UHC-P) is a collaborative agreement between WHO, several donors (namely: the EU, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, Irish Aid, the Government of Japan, the French Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs, Germany, Canada, Belgium and the UK Department for International Development) and a number of partner countries (currently, 125 partner countries across all six WHO regions) to support policy dialogue on national health policies, strategies, and plans (NHPSPs) and UHC -and it is part of the WHO Special Programme on Primary Health Care (SP-PHC). Its overall objective being to improve health sector results in concerned countries, it aims at building country capacities (and strengthening country processes) for the development, negotiation, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of robust and comprehensive NHPSPs with a view on promoting UHC; health in all policies; and people-centered primary care -as indeed, investments in quality primary health care (PHC) will be the cornerstone for achieving UHC around the world. The purpose of this publication is to document accomplishments of the UHC-P in 2022 for the 125 partner countries. The annual UHC-P report serves as a single report to all nine donors supporting the Partnership. It will provide a synthesis of activities and results achieved in all the participating countries; present a range of country examples related to the major areas of work; and also elaborate on how the UHC-P achieved sustainable buy-in of partners and stakeholders at the country level in the different countries concerned.
Around the world, policymakers and civil society are debating how economic and trade policies shape public health. This edited collection adds a new dimension to this debate. It synthesizes research from a variety of disciplines to analyse how the liberalization of international trade affects reproductive health and rights. Case studies from Mexico, Sri Lanka, China, Vietnam, Bangladesh, and Egypt illuminate how trade-related changes in women’s employment influence their reproductive needs and capacities. The book demonstrates how global and national trade policies affect the quality, quantity, and cost of reproductive health services. Contributors also explore the implications of the World Trade Organization and the various trade agreements under its purview for reproductive health services and rights. Ultimately, this collection addresses the key policy issues for advocates of both reproductive health and rights and economic justice, and shows how trade agreements weighted against the poor in the South have very specific gendered consequences. This book is aimed at an inter-disciplinary audience of economists, public health professionals, demographers, sociologists, anthropologists, and women’s studies specialists. It will also be of interest to policymakers and representatives of civil society organizations working on health, economic justice, and employment issues.
Why do some countries and populations suffer from poverty and ill health, whilst others are more prosperous and healthy? What are the inherently global (trans-border) issues that affect inequities in disease burden and health opportunities for individuals and nations? Traditionally, the focus of global health has been 'international health': the concern for high burdens of disease in generally low-income countries. To answer these questions however, we need to modernise our understanding of globalization as a phenomenon. Health Equity in a Globalizing Era: Past Challenges, Future Prospects examines how globalization processes since the on-set of neoliberalism affect equity in global health outcomes, and emphasises access to important social determinants of health. With a basis in political economy, the book covers key globalization concepts and theory, and presents a thorough background to the field. Case studies, illustrations, and new research all combine to make this title a comprehensive and current discussion of the various pathways that connect globalization to health equity outcomes. It looks at changes in migration, labour markets, trade and investment rules, international development assistance, health systems, infectious and non-communicable disease risks, environmental health, and gendered aspects of globalization's health dialectic. In addition, it argues for a reform of the global governance structure, the significant role of human rights, and the importance of a strong civil society in achieving greater social justice in health. Ideal for senior undergraduate and graduate students in global health programs, global health scholars and practitioners in government policy and health/development NGOs, Health Equity in a Globalizing Era: Past Challenges, Future Prospects is a significant contribution to our new understanding of globalization and global public health.
