Poland/1931

Poland/1931

Author: Jerome Rothenberg

Publisher:

Published: 1974

Total Pages: 168

ISBN-13:

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Jerome Rothenberg's Poland /1931, a continuing series of ancestral poems, has been appearing in installments over the course of five years, published in limited edition by various small presses.


The Rise and Fall of Belarusian Nationalism, 1906–1931

The Rise and Fall of Belarusian Nationalism, 1906–1931

Author: Per Anders Rudling

Publisher: University of Pittsburgh Press

Published: 2015-02-27

Total Pages: 415

ISBN-13: 0822979586

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Modern Belarusian nationalism emerged in the early twentieth century during a dramatic period that included a mass exodus, multiple occupations, seven years of warfare, and the partition of the Belarusian lands. In this original history, Per Anders Rudling traces the evolution of modern Belarusian nationalism from its origins in late imperial Russia to the early 1930s. The revolution of 1905 opened a window of opportunity, and debates swirled around definitions of ethnic, racial, or cultural belonging. By March of 1918, a small group of nationalists had declared the formation of a Belarusian People's Republic (BNR), with territories based on ethnographic claims. Less than a year later, the Soviets claimed roughly the same area for a Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR). Belarusian statehood was declared no less than six times between 1918 and 1920. In 1921, the treaty of Riga officially divided the Belarusian lands between Poland and the Soviet Union. Polish authorities subjected Western Belarus to policies of assimilation, alienating much of the population. At the same time, the Soviet establishment of Belarusian-language cultural and educational institutions in Eastern Belarus stimulated national activism in Western Belarus. Sporadic partisan warfare against Polish authorities occurred until the mid-1920s, with Lithuanian and Soviet support. On both sides of the border, Belarusian activists engaged in a process of mythmaking and national mobilization. By 1926, Belarusian political activism had peaked, but then waned when coups d'etats brought authoritarian rule to Poland and Lithuania. The year 1927 saw a crackdown on the Western Belarusian national movement, and in Eastern Belarus, Stalin's consolidation of power led to a brutal transformation of society and the uprooting of Belarusian national communists. As a small group of elites, Belarusian nationalists had been dependent on German, Lithuanian, Polish, and Soviet sponsors since 1915. The geopolitical rivalry provided opportunities, but also liabilities. After 1926, maneuvering this complex and progressively hostile landscape became difficult. Support from Kaunas and Moscow for the Western Belarusian nationalists attracted the interest of the Polish authorities, and the increasingly autonomous republican institutions in Minsk became a concern for the central government in the Kremlin. As Rudling shows, Belarus was a historic battleground that served as a political tool, borderland, and buffer zone between greater powers. Nationalism arrived late, was limited to a relatively small elite, and was suppressed in its early stages. The tumultuous process, however, established the idea of Belarusian statehood, left behind a modern foundation myth, and bequeathed the institutional framework of a proto-state, all of which resurfaced as building blocks for national consolidation when Belarus gained independence in 1991.


Triptych

Triptych

Author: Jerome Rothenberg

Publisher: New Directions Publishing

Published: 2007

Total Pages: 244

ISBN-13: 9780811216920

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The key book by the internationally celebrated poet with the only Polish ghetto-hassidic-cowboy and Indian American comic voice (Robert Duncan) in history.


Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945

Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945

Author: Halina Lerski

Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing USA

Published: 1996-01-19

Total Pages: 778

ISBN-13: 0313034567

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The first authoritative, comprehensive historical dictionary of Poland in English, this volume includes over 2,000 entries on people, events, places, and terms important to Poland's history from 966 to 1945. Entries include English and Polish language bibliographic sources. The student of Polish history seeking specific information on a person or event in medieval times, the troubled era leading to the late 18th century partitions of Poland, and the Polish nationalist struggles before 1919, reborn Poland in the interwar years, or the trauma of World War II will be amply rewarded by the accurate, concise information provided in this unique historical dictionary. Each of the alphabetically arranged entries is followed by pertinent bibliographic sources in both English and Polish languages. A list of abbreviations, a note on the Polish alphabet, and a series of historical maps precede the entries. Helpful cross-references are provided throughout the text and in the index. A general bibliography precedes the index. After five years of work, George Lerski completed the original manuscript in 1992, shortly before his untimely death. The special editing subsequently undertaken preparatory to publication has remained faithful to the original work, its concept, organization, and purpose.


The Statesman's Year-Book

The Statesman's Year-Book

Author: M. Epstein

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2016-12-26

Total Pages: 1525

ISBN-13: 0230270670

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The classic reference work that provides annually updated information on the countries of the world.


Not One of Them in Place

Not One of Them in Place

Author: Norman Finkelstein

Publisher: SUNY Press

Published: 2001-05-24

Total Pages: 212

ISBN-13: 9780791449844

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Explores the ways in which Jewish American poetry engages persistent questions of modern Jewish identity.


Monthly Labor Review

Monthly Labor Review

Author:

Publisher:

Published: 1932

Total Pages: 1612

ISBN-13:

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Publishes in-depth articles on labor subjects, current labor statistics, information about current labor contracts, and book reviews.