The Hologenome Concept: Human, Animal and Plant Microbiota
The Hologenome Concept: Human, Animal and Plant Microbiota

Author: Eugene Rosenberg

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2014-01-31

Total Pages: 187

ISBN-13: 3319042416

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Groundbreaking research over the last 10 years has given rise to the hologenome concept of evolution. This concept posits that the holobiont (host plus all of its associated microorganisms) and its hologenome (sum of the genetic information of the host and its symbiotic microorganisms), acting in concert, function as a unique biological entity and therefore as a level of selection in evolution. All animals and plants harbor abundant and diverse microbiota, including viruses. Often the amount of symbiotic microorganisms and their combined genetic information far exceed that of their host. The microbiota with its microbiome, together with the host genome, can be transmitted from one generation to the next and thus propagate the unique properties of the holobiont. The microbial symbionts and the host interact in a cooperative way that affects the health of the holobiont within its environment. Beneficial microbiota protects against pathogens, provides essential nutrients, catabolizes complex polysaccharides, renders harmful chemicals inert, and contributes to the performance of the immune system. In humans and animals, the microbiota also plays a role in behavior. The sum of these cooperative interactions characterizes the holobiont as a unique biological entity. Genetic variation in the hologenome can be brought about by changes in either the host genome or the microbial population genomes (microbiome). Evolution by cooperation can occur by amplifying existing microbes, gaining novel microbiota and by acquiring microbial and viral genes. Under environmental stress, the microbiome can change more rapidly and in response to more processes than the host organism alone and thus influences the evolution of the holobiont. Prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics and phage therapy are discussed as applied aspects of the hologenome concept.

Photosynthesis in Algae
Photosynthesis in Algae

Author: Anthony W. D. Larkum

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 499

ISBN-13: 9400710380

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This book introduces the reader to algal diversity as currently understood and then traces the photosynthetic structures and mechanisms that contribute so much to making the algae unique. Indeed the field is now so large that no one expert can hope to cover it all. The 19 articles are each written by experts in their area; ranging over all the essential aspects and making for a comprehensive coverage of the whole field. Important developments in molecular biology, especially transformation mutants in Chlamydomonas, are dealt with, as well as areas important to global climate change, carbon dioxide exchange, light harvesting, energy transduction, biotechnology and many others. The book is intended for use by graduate students and beginning researchers in the areas of molecular and cell biology, integrative biology, plant biology, biochemistry and biophysics, biotechnology, global ecology, and phycology.

Origins of Algae and their Plastids
Origins of Algae and their Plastids

Author: Debashish Bhattacharya

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 291

ISBN-13: 3709165423

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Algae are of central importance in marine and freshwater ecosystems. Recent molecular sequence analyses show that the algae are of polyphyletic origins and that their evolution is best explained by tracing the endosymbiotic events that have resulted in the origins of their plastids. This volume provides a highly readable, thorough and up-to-date account of the major findings in algal, cyanobacterial and plastid phylogeny. All major algal groups (e.g., green, red, heterokont, dinoflagellate algae) are treated in separate chapters by leading experts on these groups.

Plastid Genome Evolution
Plastid Genome Evolution

Author:

Publisher: Academic Press

Published: 2018-02-03

Total Pages: 398

ISBN-13: 0128134585

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Plastid Genome Evolution, Volume 85 provides a summary of recent research on plastid genome variation and evolution across photosynthetic organisms. It covers topics ranging from the causes and consequences of genomic changes, to the phylogenetic utility of plastomes for resolving relationships across the photosynthetic tree of life. This newly released volume presents thorough, up-to-date information on coevolution between the plastid and nuclear genomes, with chapters on plastid autonomy vs. nuclear control over plastid function, establishment and genetic integration of plastids, plastid genomes in alveolate protists, plastid genomes of glaucophytes, the evolution of the plastid genome in chlorophyte and streptophyte green algae, and more. - Provides comprehensive coverage of plastid genome variation by leading researchers in the field - Presents a broad range of taxonomic groups, ranging from single and multicellular algae, to the major clades of land plants - Includes thorough, up-to-date information on coevolution between the plastid and nuclear genomes

The Structure and Function of Plastids
The Structure and Function of Plastids

Author: Robert R. Wise

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2007-09-13

Total Pages: 624

ISBN-13: 9781402065705

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This volume provides a comprehensive look at the biology of plastids, the multifunctional biosynthetic factories that are unique to plants and algae. Fifty-six international experts have contributed 28 chapters that cover all aspects of this large and diverse family of plant and algal organelles. The book is divided into five sections: (I): Plastid Origin and Development; (II): The Plastid Genome and Its Interaction with the Nuclear Genome; (III): Photosynthetic Metabolism in Plastids; (IV): Non-Photosynthetic Metabolism in Plastids; (V): Plastid Differentiation and Response to Environmental Factors. Each chapter includes an integrated view of plant biology from the standpoint of the plastid. The book is intended for a wide audience, but is specifically designed for advanced undergraduate and graduate students and scientists in the fields of photosynthesis, biochemistry, molecular biology, physiology, and plant biology.

Unravelling the algae
Unravelling the algae

Author: Juliet Brodie

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 2007-11-26

Total Pages: 414

ISBN-13: 0849379903

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Acting as titans in global control of the biosphere and colonizing virtually all corners of the earth, algae, extremely diverse and numerous oxygenic, photosynthetic organisms, can be major players in and drivers of environmental change. For hundreds of years, since their evolutionary origins by endosymbiosis, when a protozoan enslaved a cyanobacte

The Fine Structure of Algal Cells
The Fine Structure of Algal Cells

Author: John D. Dodge

Publisher: Elsevier

Published: 2012-12-02

Total Pages: 274

ISBN-13: 0323158234

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The Fine Structure of Algal Cells is a hybrid between a review and a comprehensive descriptive work on fine structure of algae. Such fine structural data are important for any consideration of the classification of algae and for attempting to analyze their phylogenetic relationships. Fine-structure has provided many vital keys to the understanding of the interrelationships and phylogeny of the algae. Notably, the trend in algal fine structure work is toward use of electron microscopy to try to understand the functions of cells and organelles under both normal and experimental conditions. This book brings together information which has been gathered by electron microscopists. It considers 13 classes of algae: Chlorophyceae, Haptophyceae, Prasinophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Chloromonadophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Euglenophyceae, Dinophyceae, Eustigmatophyceae, Cryptophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Rhodophyceae, and Chrysophyceae. It covers the main structural features of the various classes and the organelles present in typical cells. The book also describes the algal cell covering, flagella, pyrenoid, eyespot, nucleus, and ejectile organelles,as well as membranes, envelope, and stroma of algal chloroplasts. Lastly, it also explains the algal cell division. This book will help students visualize and compare algal structure, and at the same time provide enough references so that research workers can enter the literature to find out more precise details from the original sources.

Seaweeds
Seaweeds

Author: Klaus Lüning

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 1991-01-16

Total Pages: 550

ISBN-13: 9780471624349

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A translated, thoroughly revised, and updated edition of the German work. Part I presents the geographic distribution of seaweeds and seagrasses around the world, environmental factors, floral history, and relevant paleoceanographic considerations, covered geographically. Part II covers seaweed ecophysiology, including the relationships of light, temperature, salinity, and other abiotic factors on seaweed distribution, as well as biotic factors such as competition, herbivory, predation, and parasitism, in order to elucidate the ecophysiologic bases for the distribution patterns examined in Part I.

Algae
Algae

Author: Laura Barsanti

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 2005-11-14

Total Pages: 320

ISBN-13: 9780849314674

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An exhaustive review on all things algae would require a multi-volume encyclopedic work. Even then, such a tome would prove to be of limited value, as in addition to being quite complex, it would soon be outdated, as the field of phycology is full of continual revelations and new discoveries. Algae: Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Biotechnology offers students and researchers in phycology a more practical and useful approach. Instead of trying to offer a little bit of everything, the authors concentrate on highlighting especially interesting and illuminating topics, with the idea of inciting the sort of wonder and curiosity in undergraduate and post-graduate students that will encourage further outstanding work. The chapters can be read in progression to provide structure to a semester, or each can be read on its own as a self-contained essay to supplement other work. Written and designed for those with a general scientific background, the book covers freshwater, marine, and terrestrial forms. Its early chapters present an overview of the classification of the algae; these chapters are followed by reviews of life cycles, reproductions, and phylogeny, providing a conceptual framework that promotes a deeper understanding of more complex topics. Levels of organization are examined from the subcellular, cellular, and morphological standpoints, leading to discussions involving physiology, biochemistry, culture methods, and finally, the role of algae in human society. New findings are provided to demonstrate that the world of algae is still ripe with discovery for those students who keep their eyes and their minds active and open. Algae: Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Biotechnology stands as a hybrid, offering something of a cross between a typical review and a descriptive monograph. The work makes it possible for students to visualize and compare algal structure. It also supplies carefully selected literature references that direct researchers to an abundance of precise details from original sources.

Algae Based Polymers, Blends, and Composites
Algae Based Polymers, Blends, and Composites

Author: Khalid Mahmood Zia

Publisher: Elsevier

Published: 2017-06-19

Total Pages: 740

ISBN-13: 0128123613

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Algae Based Polymers, Blends, and Composites: Chemistry, Biotechnology and Material Sciences offers considerable detail on the origin of algae, extraction of useful metabolites and major compounds from algal bio-mass, and the production and future prospects of sustainable polymers derived from algae, blends of algae, and algae based composites. Characterization methods and processing techniques for algae-based polymers and composites are discussed in detail, enabling researchers to apply the latest techniques to their own work. The conversion of bio-mass into high value chemicals, energy, and materials has ample financial and ecological importance, particularly in the era of declining petroleum reserves and global warming. Algae are an important source of biomass since they flourish rapidly and can be cultivated almost everywhere. At present the majority of naturally produced algal biomass is an unused resource and normally is left to decompose. Similarly, the use of this enormous underexploited biomass is mainly limited to food consumption and as bio-fertilizer. However, there is an opportunity here for materials scientists to explore its potential as a feedstock for the production of sustainable materials. - Provides detailed information on the extraction of useful compounds from algal biomass - Highlights the development of a range of polymers, blends, and composites - Includes coverage of characterization and processing techniques, enabling research scientists and engineers to apply the information to their own research and development - Discusses potential applications and future prospects of algae-based biopolymers, giving the latest insight into the future of these sustainable materials