In many respects, lead in drinking water has become a forgotten problem, since the mid 1980s when a range of environmental controls were implemented to reduce exposure to lead. This is largely because the sampling protocols, that underpin regulatory controls, are mostly inadequate and have tended to under-estimate the amount of lead that can be present in drinking water (IWA, 2010). Optimisation of Corrosion Control for Lead in Drinking Water Using Computational Modelling Techniques shows how compliance modelling has been used to very good effect in the optimisation of plumbosolvency control in the United Kingdom, particularly in the optimisation of orthophosphate dosing. Over 100 water supply systems have been modelled, involving 30% of the UK’s water companies. This “proof-of-concept” project has the overall objective of demonstrating that these modelling techniques could also be applicable to the circumstances of Canada and the United States, via three case studies. This report is the first in the Research Report Series published by the IWA Specialist Group on Metals and Related Substances in Drinking Water. Authors: Dr. C. R. Hayes and Dr. T. N. Croft Collaborators A. Campbell, City of Ottawa Water (CA) I. P. Douglas, City of Ottawa Water (CA) P. Gadoury, Providence Water (US) M. R. Schock, US Environmental Protection Agency (US)
Part of Metals and Related Substances in Drinking Water Set - buy all five books together to save over 30%! This Code of Practice is concerned with metal pick-up by drinking water within the water supply chain, particularly from water mains and from domestic and institutional pipe-work systems. The principal metals of interest are copper, iron, and lead, and to a lesser extent nickel and zinc. The emphasis is on cold drinking water at its point of use by consumers. Metals arising from water sources and hot water systems are not considered. The intention is that this Code of Practice establishes an international standard for the control of internal corrosion of water supply systems. It provides a basis for identifying both problems and sustainable solutions in a manner which is sound scientifically and will help operators to achieve due diligence. It provides a template for improving internal corrosion control in countries, cities or towns where this has been neglected or poorly implemented. Internal Corrosion Control of Water Supply Systems is deliberately brief in its presentation of a wide array of complex information, in order to provide direction to practitioners that can be more easily related to their specific circumstances. The book also provides a series of check-lists and criteria to be used in risk assessment. Editor: Dr Colin R Hayes, University of Swansea, UK, Chair of IWA Specialist Group on Metals and Related Substances in Drinking Water.
The management of small water supplies presents a unique challenge globally, in countries at all stages of development. A combination of lack of resources, limited understanding of the risks and poor expertise means that individuals and communities may face serious health risks from these supplies. This is not only due to microbiological contamination, but also from contamination by metals, either due to natural or man-made contamination of the source water or through leaching from plumbing materials due to inadequate conditioning and corrosion inhibition and use of inappropriate materials. This Best Practice Guide aims to share best practice and experience from around the world on a practical level. It looks at general issues relating to small supplies and ways of managing these, adopting a Water Safety Plan approach to deliver sound and lasting improvements to quality. Management techniques and treatment relating to specific metals will be covered, from a theoretical and practical perspective, to deliver a publication that will act as an authoritative guide for all those faced with the problem of ensuring the quality of a small water supply. Varied case-studies will help to illustrate issues and ways in which they have been resolved. Table of contents The Difficulties of Managing Water Quality in Small Water Supplies; What are Small Supplies?; The Management and Regulation of Small Water Supplies; The Vulnerability of Small Water Supplies to Contamination by Metals; Water Safety Plans for Small Water Supplies; Making WSPs Work for Small Supplies; Teamwork- The Value of a WSP Team; A Practical Guide to Developing a WSP for a Small Supply; Practical Guidance for Risk Assessments; Establishing the Metals Problem: Risk Assessment, Sampling and Analysis; The Range of Possible Problems; Metal Solubility and Influencing Factors; Risk Assessment of Small Water Supply Systems; Sampling and Analysis; Consumer Awareness; Sources of Metals in Small Water Supplies; Origin of Contaminants; Contamination of Surface Waters; Contamination of Ground Water; Contamination from Treatment Processes; Contamination in Distribution Pipework; Contamination from Plumbing Fittings; Water Treatment Processes Available for Use on Small Water Systems; Process Selection; Types of Treatment; Practical Considerations of Treatment for Metals in Small Water Supplies; Iron; Manganese; Conditioning of Water to Prevent Dissolution of Plumbing Materials or Post-treatment Contamination; Treatment is Only Part of the Story; Indications and Effects of Post-treatment Metal Contamination in Small Water Supplies; Establishing the Source of the Problem; Factors Controlling the Corrosion of Metals into Small Water Supplies; The Conditioning of Water to Minimise Corrosion; Manual of Individual Metals in Small Water Supplies, Aluminium, Antimony, Arsenic, Barium, Beryllium, Boron, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Iron, Lead, Manganese, Mercury, Nickel, Selenium, Tin, Tungsten, Uranium, Vanadium, Zinc; Case Studies; Arsenic removal in Small Supplies in Italy; A New Borehole Supply with Iron Removal for a Single Property in England, UK; Metals in Small Water Supplies in Areas of Water Scarcity in African Regions; Unexplained Lead Contamination of a Small Water Supply in Northern Scotland EDITORS Matt Bower, Drinking Water Quality Regulator for Scotland, UK Colin Hayes, Swansea University, UK
Part of Metals and Related Substances in Drinking Water Set - buy all five books together to save over 30%! Visit: http://iwapublishing.com The Best Practice Guide on the Control of Lead in Drinking Water brings together, for the first time, all of the regulatory, health, monitoring, risk assessment, operational and technological issues relevant to the control of lead in drinking water. Its focus is Europe and North America and the Guide benefits from the input of an international research network involving 28 countries. A large range of illustrative examples and case studies are provided. The Guide will be of interest to scientists, engineers, regulators and health specialists who are involved in the provision of safe drinking water. The reader will gain a comprehensive understanding of how to assess lead in drinking water problems, both in the water supply systems that serve a City, Town or rural area and at individual properties, dependent on their knowledge of pipe-work circumstances and water quality. Options for corrective action are outlined and their strengths and weaknesses explained, with information on costs and environmental impact. The reader should then be able to develop a strategy for controlling lead in drinking water in their area, establish an appropriate monitoring programme, select the right combination of corrective measures, and define the level of risk reduction that will likely be achieved. The Best Practice Guide provides a succinct compilation of the wide range of issues that relate to lead in drinking water, at a time when the regulations are under review in both Europe and North America. It will also be very relevant to all those implementing the Protocol on Water and Health, as lead in drinking water has recently been adopted as one of the key issues requiring assessment, improvement planning and reporting. The key features are: For the first time, all the complex inter-related aspects of lead in drinking water have been brought together. The detailed explanations given on sampling and monitoring should avoid mistakes being repeated. The information on optimising corrective treatment measures is the most comprehensive to date. The Best Practice Guide will facilitate the protection of water consumers from lead contamination and reduce associated health risks. This Guide is one of a series produced by the International Water Association’s Specialist Group on Metals and Related Substances in Drinking Water. It is a state-of-the-art compilation of the range of scientific, engineering, regulatory and operational issues concerned with the control of lead in drinking water. Download the free Guide for Small Community Water Suppliers and Local Health Officials on Lead in Drinking Water at: http://iwapublishing.com/books/9781843393801/guide-small-community-water-suppliers-and-local-health-officials-lead-drinking Visit the IWA WaterWiki to read and share material related to this title:http://www.iwawaterwiki.org/xwiki/bin/view/Articles/LeadinDrinkingWater
The Special Issue on Advances in Water Distribution Networks (WDNs) explores four important topics of research in the framework of WDNs, namely simulation and optimization modelling, topology and partitioning, water quality, and service effectiveness. With regard to the first topic, the following aspects are addressed: pressure-driven formulations, algorithms for the optimal location of control valves to minimize leakage, the benefits of water discharge prediction for the remote real time control of valves, and transients generated by pumps operating as turbines. In the context of the second topic, a topological taxonomy of WDNs is presented, and partitioning methods for the creation of district metered areas are compared. In relation to the third topic, the vulnerability to trihalomethane is assessed, and a statistical optimization model to minimize heavy metal releases is presented. Finally, the fourth topic focusses on the estimation of non-revenue water, including leakage and unauthorized consumption, and on the assessment of service under intermittent supply conditions.
Indexes material from conference proceedings and hard-to-find documents, in addition to journal articles. Over 1,000 journals are indexed and literature published from 1981 to the present is covered. Topics in pollution and its management are extensively covered from the standpoints of atmosphere, emissions, mathematical models, effects on people and animals, and environmental action. Major areas of coverage include: air pollution, marine pollution, freshwater pollution, sewage and wastewater treatment, waste management, land pollution, toxicology and health, noise, and radiation.
This new reference book reports on research studies on sustainable water treatment and ecosystem protection strategies. It reviews new advances in pollution control and addresses the need to design greener water treatment systems to prevent water pollution from affecting ecosystems. The chapters explain the most recent practical techniques to be used for wastewater and water treatment. It also covers new insights in green technologies for a cleaner environment. More specifically, this volume describes in detail the consequences and outcome of increasing global water pollution and analyzes precaution measures for mitigation. By reporting on the latest new technological interventions for water and wastewater treatment methods, the chapters identify preventive measures to overcome water pollution along with perspectives on future trends and challenges to provide a better understanding into the development of green technologies that are very important for ensuring sustainability. This title also covers case studies that demonstrate practical applications and theories on water treatment and management of natural resources. This valuable reference book, Sustainable Water Treatment and Ecosystem Protection Strategies, will be useful for postgraduate environmental engineering students, scientists, and research scholars who are engaged in development of sustainable technologies.
