The Germans entered the North African theater to alleviate pressure on the Italians and prevent the collapse of the Italian Fascist regime. Rommel arrived in North Africa, and despite orders to establish a blocking force, immediately went on the offensive with the objective of forcing the Allies out of North Africa. After two years of fighting, Rommel and his forces were defeated. This paper analyzes the operational leadership of Field Marshal Erwin Rommel during the North African campaign of 1941-1942. It concludes that Rommel, despite being an accomplished tactical leader, was a poor operational leader. Rommel lacked the proper personality, military education, and military experience to obtain the broad view necessary to become a successful operational leader. His personal relationship with Hitler put Rommel in a position of authority he was not qualified to fulfill. Additionally, his inability as an operational commander to fully comprehend logistics and strategic objectives resulted in the German’s defeat in North Africa. The Joint Force Commander must ensure his operational commanders are more than just tacticians. A successful tactical leader will not automatically become a successful operational leader. Close scrutiny of potential operational commanders is a must to ensure the future leaders of the U.S. military will be able to accomplish military strategic and operational objectives.
“An accessible, well-honed study of two fascinating characters” who famously fought each other in numerous battles during WWII, from Egypt to D-Day (Kirkus). Bernard Montgomery and Erwin Rommel faced one another in a series of extraordinary battles that established each man as one of the greatest generals in history. Born four years apart, their lives were remarkably similar. Each came from provincial roots, nearly died in WWI, yet emerged from that great conflict with glowing records. Through their many duels, including their legendary conflicts in North Africa and later at the Normandy D-Day invasion, Peter Caddick-Adams tracks and compares their military talents and personalities. Monty and Rommel explores how each general was raised to power by their war leaders, Churchill and Hitler, and how the innovative military strategy and thought of both permeate down to today's armies.
For Hitler and the German military, 1942 was a key turning point of World War II, as an overstretched but still lethal Wehrmacht replaced brilliant victories and huge territorial gains with stalemates and strategic retreats. In this major reevaluation of that crucial year, Robert Citino shows that the German army's emerging woes were rooted as much in its addiction to the "war of movement"-attempts to smash the enemy in "short and lively" campaigns-as they were in Hitler's deeply flawed management of the war. From the overwhelming operational victories at Kerch and Kharkov in May to the catastrophic defeats at El Alamein and Stalingrad, Death of the Wehrmacht offers an eye-opening new view of that decisive year. Building upon his widely respected critique in The German Way of War, Citino shows how the campaigns of 1942 fit within the centuries-old patterns of Prussian/German warmaking and ultimately doomed Hitler's expansionist ambitions. He examines every major campaign and battle in the Russian and North African theaters throughout the year to assess how a military geared to quick and decisive victories coped when the tide turned against it. Citino also reconstructs the German generals' view of the war and illuminates the multiple contingencies that might have produced more favorable results. In addition, he cites the fatal extreme aggressiveness of German commanders like Erwin Rommel and assesses how the German system of command and its commitment to the "independence of subordinate commanders" suffered under the thumb of Hitler and chief of staff General Franz Halder. More than the turning point of a war, 1942 marked the death of a very old and traditional pattern of warmaking, with the classic "German way of war" unable to meet the challenges of the twentieth century. Blending masterly research with a gripping narrative, Citino's remarkable work provides a fresh and revealing look at how one of history's most powerful armies began to founder in its quest for world domination.
Firs published in 1991. "Desert Warfare: German Experiences in World War II" is an abridgment of a two-volume work that first appeared in 1952. Organized by Major General Alfred Toppe and written with the assistance of nine German commanders who served in North Africa, the manuscript represents a collaborative attempt to determine as many factors as possible which exerted a determining influence on desert warfare. Issues addressed include planning, intelligence, logistics, and operations. Described and analyzed are the German order of battle, the major military engagements in North Africa, and the particular problems of terrain and climate in desert operations. Not unlike many of the U.S. units engaged in the war with Iraq, the Germans in North Africa learned about combat operations in the desert only after they arrived on the scene and confronted the desert on its own terms. For this reason alone, as well as for the insights it offers, Desert Warfare requires the serious consideration of those responsible for preparing the U.S. military for any future conflict in desert terrain.
Previously unpublished analysis of why and how the Italians foughtA look at the role the Italian Army played in North Africa as part of the Deutsches Afrika Korps (German Afrika Korps)In spite of poor leadership, the Italian soldier performed well against all odds in North AfricaProfusely illustrated with many rare and unpublished images ‘The German soldier has impressed the world, however, the Italian Bersagliere soldier has impressed the German soldier.’ Erin Rommel aka ‘The Desert Fox’ When most people think of the Italian Army in North Africa during the Second World War, they tend to believe that the average Italian soldier offered little resistance to the Allies before surrendering. Many suggest that the Italian Army performed in a cowardly manner during the war: the reality is not so simple. The question remains as to whether the Italians were cowards or victims of circumstance. While the Italian soldier’s commitment to the war was not as great as that of his German counterpart, many Italians fought bravely. The Italian Littorio and Ariete Divisions earned Allied admiration at Tobruk, Gazala and EI Alamein. The Italian Army played a significant role as part of the German Afrika Korps and made up a large portion of the Axis combat power in North Africa during 1941 and 1942. In the interest of determining how the Italian Army earned the reputation that it did, it is necessary to analyse why and how the Italians fought.
A pictorial history of America’s first major military campaign in Africa during WWII. In November 1942, eleven months after Pearl Harbor, the U.S. launched Operation Torch, a multipronged attack on French North Africa—a region controlled by Germany through Vichy France. Led by Generals Eisenhower and Patton, it was America’s first major offensive against the Germans. Through rare wartime images, this book vividly chronicles the initial landings in Morocco and Algeria and the subsequent desert clashes in Tunisia as American forces battled the German Afrika Korps of Erwin Rommel, the famous “Desert Fox.”
With more than 1,700 cross-referenced entries covering every aspect of World War II, the events and developments of the era, and myriad related subjects as well as a documents volume, this is the most comprehensive reference work available on the war. This encyclopedia represents a single source of authoritative information on World War II that provides accessible coverage of the causes, course, and consequences of the war. Its introductory overview essays and cross-referenced A–Z entries explain how various sources of friction culminated in a second worldwide conflict, document the events of the war and why individual battles were won and lost, and identify numerous ways the war has permanently changed the world. The coverage addresses the individuals, campaigns, battles, key weapons systems, strategic decisions, and technological developments of the conflict, as well as the diplomatic, economic, and cultural aspects of World War II. The five-volume set provides comprehensive information that gives readers insight into the reasons for the war's direction and outcome. Readers will understand the motivations behind Japan's decision to attack the United States, appreciate how the concentration of German military resources on the Eastern Front affected the war's outcome, understand the major strategic decisions of the war and the factors behind them, grasp how the Second Sino-Japanese War contributed to the start of World War II, and see the direct impact of new military technology on the outcomes of the battles during the conflict. The lengthy documents volume represents a valuable repository of additional information for student research.
Though few realize it, the Netherlands East Indies were the object of Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941. Likewise, their invasions of Guam, Wake Island and the Philippines were mainly diversionary operations to safeguard their main assault on Dutch and British colonies. Since the end of World War I, Japan had coveted the vast East Indies oil reserves, and the colony had feared invasion since Germany overran Holland in May 1940. Isolated politically the weakly defended archipelago was a tempting prize. The East Indies government initially maintained a strict policy of neutrality while desperately working to build up its military strength. As Japanese actions pushed the region toward war, the Dutch reluctantly embraced closer ties with America and Britain. For a brief period, the East Indies were key players in Pacific War strategy. This book details for the first time in English the Dutch prewar strategy, their efforts to counter Japanese espionage and their sizable though largely forgotten military contribution in the early months of the Pacific War.
Introducing: Axis Powers: Iron Fist And Rising Sun - A Captivating Book Bundle Discover the captivating story of the Axis Powers - Germany, Italy, and Japan - and their impact on World War II and the world at large. Axis Powers: Iron Fist And Rising Sun is a compelling book bundle that takes you on a captivating journey through the rise, fall, and aftermath of one of the most tumultuous periods in history. Book 1: Rise And Fall: The Axis Powers In World War II Step into the heart of the conflict as you explore the major events, military strategies, and key figures that defined the Axis Powers' involvement in World War II. From their lightning-fast blitzkrieg tactics to the intense battles on multiple fronts, this book provides a comprehensive and engaging account of the Axis Powers' military might and the relentless determination of their opponents. Book 2: Fascism's Grip: The Axis Powers And Totalitarianism Dive deep into the ideologies, policies, and practices that characterized the totalitarian regimes of Germany, Italy, and Japan. Explore the rise of fascism, the cults of personality surrounding leaders such as Hitler and Mussolini, and the impact of totalitarian rule on society, politics, and individual lives. Gain a profound understanding of the mechanisms of control and the far-reaching implications of these ideologies. Book 3: The Asian Theatre: Axis Powers In The Pacific Embark on an often-overlooked but crucial aspect of World War II - the Asian theater. Delve into the Japanese invasion of China, the island-hopping campaigns in the Pacific, and the strategic battles that shaped the course of the war in this region. Through gripping accounts of military strategies, personal stories, and the geopolitical significance of the Asian theater, this book sheds light on a critical chapter of history. Book 4: The Aftermath: Axis Powers And Post-War Reckoning Witness the profound impact of World War II on the Axis Powers and the complex aftermath that followed. From the Nuremberg Trials to the reconstruction efforts and the pursuit of justice, this book explores the post-war reckoning faced by the defeated nations. Gain insights into the challenges of rebuilding shattered societies, dismantling totalitarian systems, and pursuing a path of reconciliation in a post-war world. Why Choose Axis Powers: Iron Fist And Rising Sun? Comprehensive Coverage: This book bundle provides a comprehensive exploration of the Axis Powers, covering their rise, their military campaigns, their ideologies, and the aftermath of their defeat. Engaging Narratives: Immerse yourself in captivating storytelling as you journey through the significant events and key figures that shaped this pivotal period in history. Meticulous Research: Benefit from meticulously researched and well-documented accounts, ensuring the accuracy and depth of the historical information presented. Thought-Provoking Analysis: Gain a deeper understanding of the complexities and consequences of World War II, totalitarianism, and the lasting impact of the Axis Powers. Complete Bundle: Get all four books in one bundle, offering a comprehensive and well-rounded exploration of the Axis Powers and their historical significance. Axis Powers: Iron Fist And Rising Sun is an essential addition to any history enthusiast's collection. Whether you are a student, a history buff, or simply eager to delve into the captivating story of World War II, this book bundle offers a riveting journey through the rise, fall, and aftermath of the Axis Powers. Don't miss out on this opportunity to explore the Axis Powers' impact on history. Grab your copy of Axis Powers: Iron Fist And Rising Sun today and embark on an unforgettable historical adventure!
Fully revised and restructured, the sixth edition of World War II: A Global History offers students a concise and yet thorough textbook that examines history’s bloodiest conflict. The chapters alternate between chronological chapters on Europe and Asia-Pacific and thematic chapters on innovations, home fronts, brutal regimes, and logistics. This textbook includes the following features: A lively narrative of facts, events, people, and ideas that incorporates thoughtful analysis New material and restructured content on global factors that affected the causes, conduct, and consequences of World War II Balanced pace that does not bog readers down in too many details yet gives them sufficient depth and breadth for context Chapters, sections, and sidebars arranged in ways that can complement lectures and assignments Fifty new photographs that illustrate the human condition and weaponry during World War II. Global in focus, by blending both geographic and thematic chapters to ensure readers gain a comprehensive understanding of impact of the war worldwide, this is the perfect volume for all students of the biggest global conflict of the twentieth century.
