OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4 Test No. 495: Ros (Reactive Oxygen Species) Assay for Photoreactivity
OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4 Test No. 495: Ros (Reactive Oxygen Species) Assay for Photoreactivity

Author: OECD

Publisher: OECD Publishing

Published: 2019-06-18

Total Pages: 18

ISBN-13: 9264567119

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Phototoxicity is defined as a toxic response is elicited by topically or systemically administered photoreactive chemicals after the exposure of the body to environmental light. Several classes of photoreactive chemicals could cause phototoxic reactions when activated by light at otherwise non-toxic doses. Phototoxicity can be categorized as photoirritation, photoallergy, and photogenotoxicity. The purpose of this test is to measure the phototoxicity of a chemical. The main event in any phototoxic reaction is the absorption of photons of a wavelength that induces the excitation of the chromophore. Excitation energy is often transferred to oxygen molecules, followed by the generation of ROS (reactive Oxygen Species). Measurements are performed using a spectrometer. The determination of the ROS generation from irradiated chemicals with simulated sunlight is indicative of phototoxic potential.

OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4 Test No. 498: In vitro Phototoxicity - Reconstructed Human Epidermis Phototoxicity test method
OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4 Test No. 498: In vitro Phototoxicity - Reconstructed Human Epidermis Phototoxicity test method

Author: OECD

Publisher: OECD Publishing

Published: 2023-07-04

Total Pages: 28

ISBN-13: 9264353089

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Skin phototoxicity (photoirritation) is defined as an acute toxic response elicited by topically or systemically administered photoreactive chemicals after the exposure of the skin to environmental light. The in vitro reconstructed human epidermis phototoxicity test (RhE PT) is used to identify the phototoxic potential of a test chemical after topical application in reconstructed human epidermis (RhE) tissues in the presence and absence of simulated sunlight.

Organotypic Models in Drug Development
Organotypic Models in Drug Development

Author: Monika Schäfer-Korting

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2021-03-25

Total Pages: 325

ISBN-13: 3030700631

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This book provides latest findings in organotypic models in drug development and provides the scientific resonance needed in an emerging field of research in disciplines, such as molecular medicine, physiology, and pathophysiology. Today the research on human-based test systems has gained major interest and funding in the EU and the US has increased over the last years. Moreover, so-called 3R (reduce, replace, refine animal experiments) centres have been established worldwide.

A Comprehensive Guide to Toxicology in Nonclinical Drug Development
A Comprehensive Guide to Toxicology in Nonclinical Drug Development

Author: Ali S. Faqi

Publisher: Elsevier

Published: 2024-02-11

Total Pages: 1074

ISBN-13: 0323984622

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A Comprehensive Guide to Toxicology in Nonclinical Drug Development, Third Edition is a valuable reference providing a complete understanding of all aspects of nonclinical toxicology in pharmaceutical research. This updated edition has been expanded and re-developed covering a wide-range of toxicological issues in small molecules and biologics. Topics include ADME in drug discovery, pharmacokinetics, toxicokinetics, formulations, and genetic toxicology testing. The book has been thoroughly updated throughout to reflect the latest scientific advances and includes new information on antiviral drugs, anti-diabetic drugs, immunotherapy, and a discussion on post-pandemic drug development challenges and opportunities. This is an essential and practical resource for all toxicologists involved in nonclinical testing in industry, academic, and regulatory settings. - Provides updated, unique content not covered in one comprehensive resource, including chapters on stem cells, antiviral drugs, anti-diabetic drugs, and immunotherapy - Includes the latest international guidelines for nonclinical toxicology in both small and large molecules - Incorporates practical examples in order to illustrate day-to-day activities and expectations associated with working in nonclinical toxicology

Urban Air Pollution and Forests
Urban Air Pollution and Forests

Author: Mark E. Fenn

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2002-05-02

Total Pages: 436

ISBN-13: 9780387953373

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With a population of more than eighteen million people, Mexico City is a major metropolitan area where the effects of urban development on air quality are of immediate concern. Air pollution exposures and effects on forests in the Mexico City Air Basin are in many respects similar to those reported in the Los Angeles, California Air Basin. Studies of air pollution impacts on forests in these two regions may serve as models for urban areas all over the world. Although scientists have studied air pollution and its effects on forests and vegetation in the Mexico City Air Basin for years, this book reviews and synthesizes this body of work for the first time. This synthesis is particularly valuable as air pollution increases at an alarming rate along with global urbanization. A thorough discussion of regional geology, climate and hydrology, historical natural resource utilization, and sociological factors provide the context for evaluating air pollution impacts on the highly valued forests surrounding this megacity. The environmental and ecological consequences of chronic exposure to biologically important pollutants are considered in various case studies. Finally, the editors discuss the state of air pollution research in the Mexico City Air Basin and the outlook for the health and sustainability of forests within the Basin.

Agricultural Nanobiotechnology
Agricultural Nanobiotechnology

Author: Fernando López-Valdez

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2018-11-09

Total Pages: 221

ISBN-13: 3319967193

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Nanobiotechnology in agriculture is a new knowledge area that offers novel possibilities to achieve high productivity levels at manageable costs during the production and merchandising of crops. This book shows us how we can use the cutting-edge knowledge about agriculture, nanotechnology, and biotechnology to increase the agricultural productivity and shape a sustainable future in order to increase the social welfare in rural areas and preserve the environmental health. Specialists from several countries will provide their feedback on a range of relevant topics such as environment-friendly use of nanofertilisers, nanodevices, nano-food packaging, nanocoating and nanocarriers and their relationship with the modern agriculture.

Environment and Sustainable Development
Environment and Sustainable Development

Author: M.H. Fulekar

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2013-10-04

Total Pages: 204

ISBN-13: 8132211669

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Global society in the 21st century is facing challenges of improving the quality of air, water, soil and the environment and maintaining the ecological balance. Environmental pollution, thus, has become a major global concern. The modern growth of industrialization, urbanization, modern agricultural development and energy generation has resulted in the indiscriminate exploitation of natural resources for fulfilling human desires and needs, which has contributed in disturbing the ecological balance on which the quality of our environment depends. Human beings, in the truest sense, are the product of their environment. The man-environment relationship indicates that pollution and deterioration of the environment have a social origin. The modern technological advancements in chemical processes/operations have generated new products, resulting in new pollutants in such abundant levels that they are above the self-cleaning capacity of the environment. One of the major issues in recent times is the threat tohuman lives due to the progressive deterioration of the environment from various sources. The impact of the pollutants on the environment will be significant when the accumulated pollutants load will exceed the carrying capacity of the receiving environment. Sustainable development envisages the use of natural resources, such as forests, land, water and fisheries, in a sustainable manner without causing changes in our natural world. The Rio de Janeiro-Earth Summit, held in Brazil in 1992, focused on sustainable development to encourage respect and concern for the use of natural resources in a sustainable manner for the protection of the environment. This book will be beneficial as a source of educational material to post-graduate research scholars, teachers and industrial personnel for maintaining the balance in the use of natural sources for sustainable development.

Coal Tar Creosote
Coal Tar Creosote

Author: C. Melber

Publisher: WHO

Published: 2004

Total Pages: 154

ISBN-13:

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On cover: IPCS International Programme on Chemical Safety. Published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organization and the World Health Organization, and produced within the framework of the Inter-organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC)

Organic Pollutants
Organic Pollutants

Author: M. Vasanthy

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2021-10-23

Total Pages: 604

ISBN-13: 3030724417

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This volume describes the identification of emerging organic pollutants, mainly from industrial sources, their associated toxicological threats, and the latest green methods and biotechnological solutions to abate harmful impacts on people and the environment. The chapters present reviews on current applied toxicology research, occupational health hazards and green remedial solutions for pollution control in terrestrial and aquatic environments, with the aim of raising public awareness of these issues and providing chemists, toxicologists and environmental scientists with the knowledge to combat organic pollutants through sustainable means. Readers will learn about the multi-dimensional applications of materials and processes which harvest energy out of environmental remediation technologies, as well as the roles of biotechnology and nanotechnology in addressing high pollutant load. Specific attention is paid to technologies that draw energy through wastewater remediation, as this covers the primary means by which organic pollutants are introduced into the environment from industry and other sources. The book will be of use to pollution control boards, industry regulators, and students and researchers in the fields of biotechnology, biomedical science, hydrology and water chemistry.

Nanocosmetics and Nanomedicines
Nanocosmetics and Nanomedicines

Author: Ruy Beck

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2011-04-06

Total Pages: 368

ISBN-13: 3642197922

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The book "Nanocosmetics and nanomedicines: new approaches for skin care” contains a summary of the most important nanocarriers for skin delivery. Although “nanocosmetics” is a subject widely commented in the academy and the beauty industry, a book covering the skin care treatments using nanotechnological approaches with cosmetics and nanomedicines is still missing, therefore the need for this publication. This book is divided in three parts: The first one (Part A) is devoted to a brief review on the main topics related to the skin delivery and to the introduction of the subject “nanocosmetics”. The second part (Part B) presents different types of nanocarriers applied as skin delivery systems for cosmetics or drugs. The last part (Part C) shows a wide range of applications of nanotechnology on the skin care area as well as on dermatocosmetic and dermatological fields.