Análise de Dados de uma Avaliação Nacional de Desempenho Educacional é o quarto de cinco volumes da série Avaliações Nacionais de Desempenho Educacional. Os outros volumes descreveram os procedimentos em uma avaliação até ao ponto em que os dados foram preparados para a análise estatística, o tópico deste volume. As análises concretas a ser realizadas dependerão das necessidades de informação dos formuladores de políticas e dos gestores no âmbito do ensino. Na maioria das avaliações nacionais, relacionam-se com a qualidade da aprendizagem dos alunos, fatores relacionados com a aprendizagem, questões de equidade, e, em alguns casos, alterações nos resultados educacionais ao longo do tempo. O Volume 4, que compreende duas partes, fornece instruções pormenorizadas acerca de como analisar dados coligidos em uma avaliação nacional. A Parte I prevê uma introdução geral à s análises estatísticas normalmente realizadas nas avaliações em grande escala, avaliando a tendência central e a dispersão das pontuações dos alunos e as relações entre as variáveis. A Parte II descreve o software IATA (Análise de Item e de Teste), que utiliza a teoria clássica dos testes e a teoria de resposta ao item para estabelecer escalas onde reportar as pontuações dos alunos. Os passos da análise das administrações de testes piloto e finais estão descritos detalhadamente. É acompanhado por um CD que contém exercícios especialmente concebidos e arquivos de dados de suporte para ambas as partes do volume. Este livro será de interesse para os especialistas em avaliação de governos nacionais, regionais e locais; instituições de investigação; e universidades.
Nations worldwide consider education an important tool for economic and social development, and the use of innovative strategies to prepare students for the acquisition of knowledge and skills is currently considered the most effective strategy for nurturing engaged, informed learners. In the last decade especially, European countries have promoted a series of revisions to their curricula and in the ways teachers are trained to put these into practice. Updating curriculum contents, pedagogical facilities (for example, computers in schools), and teaching and learning strategies should be seen as a routine task, since social and pedagogical needs change over time. Nevertheless, educational institutions and actors (educational departments, schools, teachers, and even students) normally tend to be committed to traditional practices. As a result of this resistance to change within educational systems, implementing educational innovation is a big challenge. The authors of the present volume have been involved with curriculum development since 2003. This work is an opportunity to present the results of more than a decade of research into experimental, inventive approaches to science education. Most chapters concern innovative strategies for the teaching and learning of new contents, as well as methods for learning to teach them at the pre-university school level. The research is focused on understanding the pedagogical issues around the process of innovation, and the findings are grounded in analyses of the limits and possibilities of teachers’ and students’ practices in schools.
A Ciência vem oferecendo, ao longo dos séculos, uma inegável e cara contribuição para a humanidade em várias áreas, como as sociais, exatas, humanas e biológicas e da saúde. Têm sido inúmeros e visíveis, no cotidiano de boa parte da sociedade, os avanços resultantes das investigações científicas realizadas no âmbito das universidades e dos institutos de pesquisa e, ainda assim, temos enfrentado um poderoso movimento obscurantista, contrário à razão e ao progresso intelectual, que nega evidências do aquecimento global, da curvatura da terra, dos benefícios da vacina, entre outros. Para reafirmar a imprescindibilidade da Ciência, da força do conhecimento para a construção de um mundo mais humano, esclarecido e autossustentável, reunimos nesta publicação textos de professores e pesquisadores da PUC Minas e de instituições de ensino superior e de pesquisa que integram a Rede Mineira de Comunicação Científica.
The educational provision for early years is growing and changing across many parts of the world, not least in the UK. While this book leans heavily on the mounting literature on early child development in its broadest sense – physically, emotionally, linguistically – its central focus lies squarely on the growth of children’s scientific thinking and activities. Written by educators, this book is based both on formal educational research and professional practice-in-action. The authors describe children’s science concept development; their curiosity-driven exploration; emergent ecological literacy; their learning through science play; the assessment of early learning; the role of parents and practitioners within early education contexts; and some question the very basis of the science being taught. Illustrations and examples of practice are not confined to the UK, though the messages to be derived from each chapter have application way beyond the immediate context. This book was originally published as a special issue of Early Child Development and Care.
This book is about the unique, sophisticated, and rigorous study of mathematics in Latin America developed over centuries of cultural exchange between Europe, North, and South America. More specifically, the book explores the tradition of mathematical modelling, introduced a century ago. This modelling was adapted to assist members of distinct communities to draw information about their own realities through the elaboration of representations, which generate mathematical knowledge that deals with creativity and invention. The book provides empirical evidence that a category of mathematical modelling developed in Latin America assesses the horizontal and reciprocal relations between mathematics (school/non-school contexts) and the real world. These relations provide an epistemological and ontological change, where mathematical knowledge of the others is recognized on a horizontal plane. Further, they oblige mathematics teachers and students to understand as a community of knowledge that builds their own mathematical categories of their environment governed by the reciprocal relationships between academic knowledge and functional knowledge. The dimensions of the relationships make up a frame of reference that guides educational change in mathematics. The book presents an inquiry-based approach of three Latin American modelling programs: ethnomodelling, transversality of knowledge, and reasoned decision-making. Each one, with its respective theoretical and methodological foundations related to ethnomathematics and mathematical modelling, socioepistemology, and the attribution of meaning to learning. Undoubtedly, the three mathematical modelling programs, independently, provide educational gains, each with its levels of specificity and loyal to its philosophical, theoretical, and methodological principles. However, the book places them together, organized by axes, to define a corpus of mathematical knowledge that envisions profound educational change through the development of different approaches of mathematical modelling. The authors of the 18 chapters in this book, who represent the diversity of Latin America, are from eight countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Honduras, and Mexico. They were invited to share their ideas, perspectives, and discuss investigations that represent a rich sample of three Latin American perspectives on mathematical modelling.
The book presents a series of ethnographic studies, which illustrate issues of wider importance, such as the role of cultural traditions, concepts and learning procedures in the development of formal (or mathematical) thinking outside of the western tradition. It focuses on research at the crossroads of anthropology and ethnomathematics to document indigenous mathematical knowledge and its inclusion in specific cultural patterns. More generally, the book demonstrates the heuristic value of crossing ethnographical, anthropological and ethnomathematical approaches to highlight and analyze—or "formalize" with a pedagogical outlook—indigenous mathematical knowledge. The book is divided into three parts. The first part extensively analyzes theoretical claims using particular ethnographic data, while revealing the structural mathematical features of different ludic, graphic, or technical/procedural practices in their links to other cultural phenomena. In the second part, new empirical studies that add data and perspectives from the body of studies on indigenous knowledge systems to the ongoing discussions in mathematics education in and for diverse cultural traditions are presented. This part considers, on the one hand, the Brazilian work in this field; on the other hand, it brings ethnographic innovation from other parts of the world. The third part comprises a broad philosophical discussion of the impact of intuitive or "ontological" premises on mathematical thinking and education in the light of recent developments within so-called indigenously inspired thinking. Finally, the editors’ conclusions aim to invite the broad and diversified field of scholars in this domain of research to seek alternative approaches for understanding mathematical reasoning and the adjacent adequate educational goals and means. This book is of interest to scholars and students in anthropology, ethnomathematics, history and philosophy of science, mathematics, and mathematics education, as well as other individuals interested in these topics.
Descripción / Resumen (Inglés): The present volume represents a compilation of international teacher education practice and research with a focus on Teacher Education for Contemporary Contexts. It draws upon the diverse educational perspectives, teaching procedures, knowledge, and situated contexts where the discipline takes shape. The sections of this book comprise research papers accepted for presentation during the 18th International Study Association on Teachers and Teaching (ISATT) Biennial Conference that will take place from July 3rd to July 7th in Salamanca, Spain. Around 300 delegates from 57 countries across the globe and a large Scientific Committee of 80 colleagues have contributed academically and professionally to support our ability to share the contents of this volume. The main conference topic is search and research. Searching is the action of looking carefully at people, objects, and situations in order to find something concealed or to discover something beyond the ordinary. This is what teachers do in their classrooms and, primarily, ‘search’ represents their endeavours to construct professional knowledge as a result of developing practice. Researching is systematic inquiry that intends to discover new knowledge and/or to refute educational theories, a process typically rendered by teacher educators and other researchers. The focus of this 18th biennial ISATT conference is to bring together both “search” and “research”, connecting practice and theory (or ‘praxis’), with the purpose of offering relevant solutions to realistic classroom problems. The editorial process followed three differentiated phases: The first phase required abstract submission with the purpose of being accepted for the conference. A double (or triple) blind review was conducted to evaluate whether the papers submitted were suitable for the conference. A rate of 87% of the papers were accepted for presentation. The second phase encouraged authors to voluntarily submit a full paper of 3,000 words. A total of 111 full papers were then subjected to an open review process with the main purpose of suggesting to authors ways of further improving the presentation of their valuable research. A third phase, not yet completed and therefore beyond the scope of this book, was the review and selection of the outstanding papers, papers that were deemed eligible for the post-proceeding publication (i.e., less than 15% of the total). The central intent of the book is to contribute to fostering scholarly discussions and to inform future teaching trajectories, strengthen lines of research in teacher education and demonstrate the opportunities and constraints in our professional work. Its added value highlights the commonplace in international research that serves to depict how the field of teacher education is moving forward in an increasingly global society. All in all, teachers, teacher educators and researchers learn by effective communication processes, whether in in personal/professional interactions or in the use of digital technologies. Positive interactions lead to building strong communities of learners, which in turn, leads to the production of valuable knowledge and better understandings about learning and teaching. With the upcoming commemoration of its 800th anniversary in the year 2018, the University of Salamanca, as the oldest university in operation in Spain, is proud to host the ISATT 18th biennial conference and to support the exceptional work of many researchers in the field of Teacher Education by compiling and editing the work in this volume. Furthermore, the local Organizing Committee and the ISATT Executive Committee hope you will experience a rewarding intellectual experience as a result of your contributions and knowledge, as both academics and practitioners. Thank you very much for providing us this exciting opportunity to work with you. We warmly welcome you to Salamanca – a truly historic and a contemporary context! Descripción / Resumen (Español / Castellano): El presente volumen está integrado por una recopilación de prácticas e investigaciones internacionales de formación docente centradas en la formación de profesores en la sociedad actual. Se basa en las diversas perspectivas educativas, los procedimientos de enseñanza, conocimiento y contextos sociales. Las secciones de este libro comprenden trabajos de investigación aceptados para su exposición en las XVIII Conferencia Bienal Internacional de Estudios de Profesores y Enseñanza (ISATT) que tendrá lugar del 3 al 7 de julio en Salamanca, España. Alrededor de 300 delegados de 57 países de todo el mundo y un gran Comité Científico de 80 colegas han contribuido académica y profesionalmente en favor de este evento. El tema principal de la conferencia es la búsqueda y la investigación. «Buscar» es la acción de mirar cuidadosamente a las personas, objetos y situaciones para encontrar algo escondido o descubrir algo más allá de lo ordinario. Esto es lo que los maestros hacen en sus clases y, sobre todo, la búsqueda representa sus esfuerzos para construir conocimiento profesional como resultado del desarrollo de la práctica cotidiana. La «investigación» es una investigación sistemática que pretende descubrir nuevos conocimientos y/o refutar teorías educativas, un proceso que suelen dar los educadores de profesores y de otros investigadores. El objetivo de esta 18ª conferencia ISATT es reunir tanto la «búsqueda» como la «investigación», conectando la práctica y la teoría (o praxis) con el propósito de ofrecer soluciones relevantes a los problemas reales de la clase. El proceso editorial siguió tres fases diferenciadas: 1. Requirió el envío de resúmenes con el propósito de que fuesen aceptados para la ser expuestos en la conferencia. Se realizó una revisión doble ciego (o triple) para evaluar si los artículos presentados eran adecuados. Se aceptó una tasa de 87% de los trabajos para su presentación. 2. La segunda fase requirió de los autores en envío en período voluntario de un trabajo completo de 3.000 palabras. Un total de 111 trabajos fueron sometidos a un proceso de revisión abierta con el propósito principal de sugerir a los autores formas de mejora. 3. Una tercera fase, aún inconclusa, y por lo tanto fuera del alcance de este libro, fue la revisión y selección de los documentos pendientes, los documentos que se consideraron electos para la publicación posterior al procedimiento (es decir, menos del 15% del total). La intención central de esta obra es contribuir a fomentar el debate académico e informar sobre futuras trayectorias de enseñanza, fortalecer las líneas de investigación en la formación del profesorado y demostrar las oportunidades y limitaciones en nuestro ámbito. Su valor es el de destacar el lugar común en la investigación internacional que sirve para describir cómo el campo de la formación de maestros avanza en una sociedad cada vez más global. En general, los maestros, los educadores de educadores y los investigadores aprendan mediante procesos de comunicación eficaces, ya sea en interacciones personales/profesionales o en el uso de tecnologías digitales. Las interacciones conducen a la construcción de comunidades fuertes de estudiantes, que a su vez, conduce a la producción de conocimientos valiosos y mejores sobre el aprendizaje y la enseñanza. Con la próxima conmemoración de su 800 aniversario en el año 2018, la Universidad de Salamanca, como la decana de las españolas, se enorgullece en acoger la XVIII Conferencia Bienal de ISATT y apoyar el trabajo excepcional de muchos investigadores en el campo del Profesor Educación Investigador, editando la obra. Además, el Comité Organizador Local y el Comité Ejecutivo de ISATT esperan que experimente una lectura gratificante como resultado de sus contribuciones y conocimientos, tanto académicos como profesionales. Muchas gracias por brindarnos esta emocionante oportunidad de trabajar con usted. ¡Les damos la bienvenida a Salamanca un contexto verdaderamente histórico y a su vez contemporáneo!
