Monitoring Eye Movements to Measure Reading Behavior and Instructional Effects
Monitoring Eye Movements to Measure Reading Behavior and Instructional Effects

Author: Tori Ella Foster

Publisher:

Published: 2016

Total Pages: 260

ISBN-13:

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Recent developments in eye movement recording have led to its increased use in research with previously "hard-to-track" individuals, including young children. In addition, in light of its unique potential for capturing concurrent behaviors and mechanisms underlying the reading process, reading researchers have demonstrated increased interest in using the technology to investigate reading skill development and instructional effects. However, due to its newness in the field of applied reading research, the use of eye-tracking methodology is certainly not without its limitations, and substantial gaps remain within the existing scientific literature. The first study in this dissertation examined the technical adequacy (i.e., test-retest reliability, alternate-form reliability, and concurrent criterion-related validity) of recently utilized eye movement measures among 175 second-grade students. The second study investigated the influences of age and word frequency on eye movement patterns exhibited by 72 unskilled readers (36 adult literacy learners and 36 students in Grades 2-5 matched on broad achievement level) during 4 consecutive rereadings of the same text. Taken together, results from both empirical studies affirm the link between students' eye movements during reading and their level of reading skills (e.g., broad reading achievement, as measured by more traditional assessment tasks) and extend upon and clarify previous eye movement research with adults and children.

Eye-Tracking Technology Applications in Educational Research
Eye-Tracking Technology Applications in Educational Research

Author: Was, Christopher

Publisher: IGI Global

Published: 2016-09-29

Total Pages: 391

ISBN-13: 1522510060

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Since its inception, eye-tracking technology has evolved into a critical device in psychological and sociological settings. By tracking eye movement, one can conduct lie detection, learn about neuropsychology, and measure reading response. Recently, these technologies have been implemented in Educational and School Psychology as a way to assess how students interact with content. Eye-Tracking Technology Applications in Educational Research enriches the current pool of educational research with cutting-edge applications of eye tracking in education. Seeking to advance this emergent, interdisciplinary field, this publication collects a diverse group of researchers exploring all aspects of this technology as an essential reference for educators, researchers, administrators, and advanced graduate students.

Examining Eye Movements of Elementary Students During Reading Comprehension Assessment
Examining Eye Movements of Elementary Students During Reading Comprehension Assessment

Author: Andrea Marie Zawoyski

Publisher:

Published: 2017

Total Pages: 262

ISBN-13:

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High-stakes reading comprehension assessment is commonplace in schools, given the increased emphasis on accountability for educational outcomes (Barksdale-Ladd & Thomas, 2000). Yet, not all assessment practices have empirical support. This two-study dissertation examined areas related to reading comprehension assessment: test-taking strategies and question format. Both studies employed eye tracking technology in order to examine participants' underlying reading comprehension behavior. Due to conflicting findings regarding the effectiveness of test-taking strategies during reading comprehension assessment (e.g., Wiesendanger, Birlem, & Wollenberg, 1982), the purpose of Chapter 2 was to investigate elementary students' reading behavior during a reading comprehension assessment under typical conditions and when required to read the passage first (PF) or read the questions first (QF). Participants were 84 third- and fourth-grade students who first completed a control condition and then completed PF and QF conditions in randomized order. Eye movement data revealed that the QF strategy was generally less efficient than the PF strategy. The purpose of Chapter 3 was to investigate the impact of anticipated question format (i.e., Multiple-Choice; MC or Short Answer; SA) on elementary students' eye movements during reading. This study addressed concerns that MC questions may alter what reading assessments measure (Martinez, 1999; Rupp, Ferne, & Choi, 2006). Additionally, this study examined the influence of SA questions on reading behavior, given that new reading assessments will include more SA questions (Polikoff, 2014). Participants included 87 third- and fourth-grade students who were randomly assigned to the MC or SA condition. Condition assignment dictated the type of questions participants expected to answer after reading a passage. Results indicated that participants in the SA condition engaged in different eye movements than participants in the MC condition. Overall, this dissertation extends research in the fields of school psychology and cognitive psychology. Implications of the studies reported upon in Chapters 2 and 3 may inform future studies regarding the validity of reading comprehension assessment practices. Implications of findings from the two studies for classroom practices were also discussed.

Research Methods in Second Language Psycholinguistics
Research Methods in Second Language Psycholinguistics

Author: Jill Jegerski

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2013-12-17

Total Pages: 273

ISBN-13: 1136339140

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Addressing a rapidly growing interest in second language research, this hands-on text provides students and researchers with the means to understand and use current methods in psycholinguistics. With a focus on the actual methods, designs, and techniques used in psycholinguistics research as they are applied to second language learners, this book offers the practical guidance readers need to determine which method is the best for what they wish to investigate as well as the tools that will enhance their research. Each methods chapter is written by a leading expert who describes, discusses, and comments on how a method is used and what its strengths and limitations are for second language research. These chapters follow a specific format to ensure cohesion and a predictable structure across all chapters. The chapters also inform the novice researcher on such key issues as ease of use, costs, potential pitfalls, and other related matters, each of which impact decisions that researchers make about the paths they take. With the most reliable information available from experienced reseachers, Research Methods in Second Language Psycholinguistics is an essential resource for anyone interested in conducting second language reserach using psycholinguistic methods.

Eye Movements in Reading Strategies
Eye Movements in Reading Strategies

Author: Christiane Wotschack

Publisher: Universitätsverlag Potsdam

Published: 2009

Total Pages: 238

ISBN-13: 3869560215

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Throughout its empirical research history eye movement research has always been aware of the differences in reading behavior induced by individual differences and task demands. This work introduces a novel comprehensive concept of reading strategy, comprising individual differences in reading style and reading skill as well as reader goals. In a series of sentence reading experiments recording eye movements, the influence of reading strategies on reader- and word-level effects assuming distributed processing has been investigated. Results provide evidence for strategic, top-down influences on eye movement control that extend our understanding of eye guidance in reading.

EYE MOVEMENTS AND THE FUNDAMENTAL READING PROCESS
EYE MOVEMENTS AND THE FUNDAMENTAL READING PROCESS

Author: Stanford E. Taylor

Publisher: Charles C Thomas Publisher

Published: 2013-09-01

Total Pages: 229

ISBN-13: 0398087547

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The purpose of this book is multifaceted; it is primarily dedicated to exploring the nature of the Fundamental Reading Process and to discussing the manner in which proficiency in these basic skills can be evaluated through eye-movement recording. Major topics include: the history of eye-movement recording; exploring eye-movement recording through the use of the Visagraph Eye-Movement Recording system; uses of eye movements in terms of reading appraisal; field use of the Visagraph system by schools, clinics, and optometrists; Visagraph EyeLink comparison in terms of eye-movement data; and the 2012 Visagraph Norm Study Report. Reading and tutoring centers will be very interested in both the diagnostic eye-movement recording techniques as well as the web-based practice techniques available through computer technology. Reading researchers will also be intrigued by the comprehensive description of the silent reading process, as well as the effect on the oral reading process with the development of proficiency in silent reading. Especially helpful is the information revealed through eye-movement recordings about the many subliminal factors involved in the process of reading, as well as the changes produced by today’s web-based computer techniques to modify the basic visual/functional, perceptual, and information-processing skills that comprise the silent reading process. In addition, the book will serve as a resource for graduate courses that cover what occurs during silent reading and what outcomes are possible with current reading practice programs using web-based computer technology. This unique text is essential reading for all who want to understand the role of the eye in silent reading and want to increase their instructional capability as teachers and remediation specialists.

Eye Tracking
Eye Tracking

Author: Kenneth Holmqvist

Publisher: OUP Oxford

Published: 2011-09-22

Total Pages: 793

ISBN-13: 0191625426

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We make 3-5 eye movements per second, and these movements are crucial in helping us deal with the vast amounts of information we encounter in our everyday lives. In recent years, thanks to the development of eye tracking technology, there has been a growing interest in monitoring and measuring these movements, with a view to understanding how we attend to and process the visual information we encounter Eye tracking as a research tool is now more accessible than ever, and is growing in popularity amongst researchers from a whole host of different disciplines. Usability analysts, sports scientists, cognitive psychologists, reading researchers, psycholinguists, neurophysiologists, electrical engineers, and others, all have a vested interest in eye tracking for different reasons. The ability to record eye-movements has helped advance our science and led to technological innovations. However, the growth of eye tracking in recent years has also presented a variety of challenges - in particular the issue of how to design an eye-tracking experiment, and how to analyse the data. This book is a much needed comprehensive handbook of eye tracking methodology. It describes how to evaluate and acquire an eye-tracker, how to plan and design an eye tracking study, and how to record and analyse eye-movement data. Besides technical details and theory, the heart of this book revolves around practicality - how raw data samples are converted into fixations and saccades using event detection algorithms, how the different representations of eye movement data are calculated using AOIs, heat maps and scanpaths, and how all the measures of eye movements relate to these processes. Part I presents the technology and skills needed to perform high-quality research with eye-trackers. Part II covers the predominant methods applied to the data which eye-trackers record. These include the parsing of raw sample data into oculomotor events, and how to calculate other representations of eye movements such as heat maps and transition matrices. Part III gives a comprehensive outline of the measures which can be calculated using the events and representations described in Part II. This is a taxonomy of the measures available to eye-tracking researchers, sorted by type of movement of the eyes and type of analysis. For anyone in the sciences considering conducting research involving eye-tracking, this book will be an essential reference work.

Eye Movements in Reading
Eye Movements in Reading

Author: Keith Rayner

Publisher: Elsevier

Published: 2012-12-02

Total Pages: 552

ISBN-13: 0323146287

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Eye Movements in Reading: Perceptual and Language Processes focuses on eye movement and cognitive processes as a way to study the reading process. This book also discusses the different aspects of reading. Organized into seven parts encompassing 26 chapters, this book begins with a discussion on the perceptual and psychophysical factors essential to eye movement during reading. This book then explains how some psychophysical factors, such as type size and masking, affect the reading performance. Other chapters consider the role of transient and sustained cells, as well as their possible effects on reading. This text also examines the size of the perceptual span in reading and the integration of information across eye movement. Finally, this book explains the eye movement abnormalities, general eye movement parameters, and the cognitive processes within the reading disabled group. This book is a valuable resource to optometrists, scientists, field researchers, and readers who are interested in the reading process.

Eye Tracking and Visual Analytics
Eye Tracking and Visual Analytics

Author: Michael Burch

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 2022-09-01

Total Pages: 380

ISBN-13: 1000792943

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Visualization and visual analytics are powerful concepts for exploring data from various application domains. The endless number of possible parameters and the many ways to combine visual variables as well as algorithms and interaction techniques create lots of possibilities for building such techniques and tools. The major goal of those tools is to include the human users with their tasks at hand, their hypotheses, and research questions to provide ways to find solutions to their problems or at least to hint them in a certain direction to come closer to a problem solution. However, due to the sheer number of design variations, it is unclear which technique is suitable for those tasks at hand, requiring some kind of user evaluation to figure out how the human users perform while solving their tasks. The technology of eye tracking has existed for a long time; however, it has only recently been applied to visualization and visual analytics as a means to provide insights to the users’ visual attention behavior. This generates another kind of dataset that has a spatio-temporal nature and hence demands for advanced data science and visual analytics concepts to find insights into the recorded eye movement data, either as a post process or even in real-time. This book describes aspects from the interdisciplinary field of visual analytics, but also discusses more general approaches from the field of visualization as well as algorithms and data handling. A major part of the book covers research on those aspects under the light and perspective of eye tracking, building synergy effects between both fields – eye tracking and visual analytics – in both directions, i.e. eye tracking applied to visual analytics and visual analytics applied to eye tracking data. Technical topics discussed in the book include: • Visualization; • Visual Analytics; • User Evaluation; • Eye Tracking; • Eye Tracking Data Analytics; Eye Tracking and Visual Analytics includes more than 500 references from the fields of visualization, visual analytics, user evaluation, eye tracking, and data science, all fields which have their roots in computer science. Eye Tracking and Visual Analytics is written for researchers in both academia and industry, particularly newcomers starting their PhD, but also for PostDocs and professionals with a longer research history in one or more of the covered research fields. Moreover, it can be used to get an overview about one or more of the involved fields and to understand the interface and synergy effects between all of those fields. The book might even be used for teaching lectures in the fields of information visualization, visual analytics, and/or eye tracking.