Ongoing Research in Jawed Fish Immunity: Structural and Functional Studies at the Protein and Cellular Levels
Ongoing Research in Jawed Fish Immunity: Structural and Functional Studies at the Protein and Cellular Levels

Author: Monica Imarai

Publisher: Frontiers Media SA

Published: 2020-06-04

Total Pages: 256

ISBN-13: 288963731X

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Knowledge of jawed fish immune systems obtained in the last 15 years has been mostly obtained through the sequencing of genomes of different fish species and from the use of high-throughput techniques such as transcriptomic analysis and RNA sequencing, which has allowed characterization of immune gene responses at the transcriptomic level. Although these have been important tools for exploring the complexities of the immune responses of fish species, the next generation of knowledge requires the use of new tools and methods capable of unveiling the diversity of immune cells and molecules in jawed fish, the network of interactions and responses, and the mechanisms leading to immune protection against pathogens. For more than 10 years, many laboratories have been engaged in developing antibodies against key molecules of jawed fish immune systems in several different species because the lack of sequence conservation of most immune genes makes it impossible to use the large panel of antibodies against mammalian molecules for recognition of fish molecules. The numerous genes encoding cytokines and receptors have now been used to make recombinant proteins available, allowing studies of the complex network of cytokine and receptor functions central to fish immune responses. From many laboratories, new and interesting knowledge about immune cells, their functions and interactions can be studied with the availability of new tools and methods have begun to provide a clear understanding fish immunity at the protein and cellular levels. This Research Topic gives a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge of jawed fish immune responses with a particular emphasis on structural and functional studies at the protein and cellular levels.

Genomics in Aquaculture
Genomics in Aquaculture

Author: Simon A MacKenzie

Publisher: Academic Press

Published: 2016-07-29

Total Pages: 306

ISBN-13: 0128016906

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Genomics in Aquaculture is a concise, must-have reference that describes current advances within the field of genomics and their applications to aquaculture. Written in an accessible manner for anyone—non-specialists to experts alike—this book provides in-depth coverage of genomics spanning from genome sequencing, to transcriptomics and proteomics. It provides, for ease of learning, examples from key species most relevant to current intensive aquaculture practice. Its coverage of minority species that have a specific biological interest (e.g., Pleuronectiformes) makes this book useful for countries that are developing such species. It is a robust, practical resource that covers foundational, functional, and applied aspects of genomics in aquaculture, presenting the most current information in a field of research that is rapidly growing. - Provides the latest scientific methods and technologies to maximize efficiencies for healthy fish production, with summary tables for quick reference - Offers an extended glossary of technical and methodological terms to help readers better understand key biological concepts - Describes state-of-the-art technologies, such as transcriptomics and epigenomics, currently under development for future perspective of the field - Covers minority species that have a specific biological interest (e.g., Pleuronectiformes), making the book useful to countries developing such species

Analysis of Immune Modulators in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss)
Analysis of Immune Modulators in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss)

Author: Dan V. Mourich

Publisher:

Published: 1996

Total Pages: 228

ISBN-13:

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The immune systems of various teleost fish have been studied in some detail for the past several decades. One aspect of fish immunity, that of endogenously produced modulating factors, has recently received a great deal of attention. Understanding the functions and roles of endogenous factors that regulate fish immunity is paramount to expanding the fields of fish immunology and vaccinology. It is know that several lymphoid cell derived factors are detectable in in vitro cell culture systems and exhibit immune modulating effects similar to well studied proteins in mammals. However in comparison, few genes or gene products involved in the modulation of the trout immune responses have been isolated, cloned and characterized. The studies described herein were designed to isolate specific genes from rainbow trout (0ncorhynchus mykiss) and characterize their involvement in the modulation and regulation of the trout immune system. Two distinct genes were isolated cloned and sequenced. The first, non-specific cytotoxic cell enhancement factor (NCEF) gene is closely related to a human gene termed "natural killer enhancement factor" (NKEF) which is important in the modulation of human natural killer cell activity. The second gene is closely related to a group of recently characterized mammalian genes involved in the signal transduction of cytokines termed "STATs". The role of these genes and their respective protein products will be examined and discussed. The antigenic structures of the fish proteins (NCEF and STAT5) were examined by western blot and immunohistochemistry. Monoclonal antibodies derived against the respective human proteins were found to cross react with the corresponding trout proteins, demonstrating antigenic relatedness. The monoclonal regents were also used to analyze the expression of these proteins in fish cells of lymphoid and non lymphoid origin. In vitro cell culture analysis was used to determine the effects and roles of NCEF and STAT5 gene products in the trout immune system. The cytolytic and apoptotic killing activities of spleen, head kidney and peripheral blood leukocytes were found to be enhanced by NCEF. Mitogenic stimulation of peripheral blood lymphoid cells resulted in the trout STAT5 protein binding to a know sequences contained with in the promoters of genes transcriptionally activated in response to cytokine exposure.

A Study on Transcriptomic Profiling of Differentially Expressed Genes Relevant to Innate and Adaptive Immune Pathways in Transgenic Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) Harboring Cecropin P1 Transgene
A Study on Transcriptomic Profiling of Differentially Expressed Genes Relevant to Innate and Adaptive Immune Pathways in Transgenic Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) Harboring Cecropin P1 Transgene

Author: Yueh-Chiang Han

Publisher:

Published: 2018

Total Pages: 145

ISBN-13:

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Introduction of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes into fish genome by the transgenic technology provided a promising solution to control fish disease. Cecropin P1, a known porcine originated AMP, had been introduced into the rainbow trout genome for production of transgenic fish by Chiou and others (2014) in Chen's laboratory. Repeated, in vivo, challenge studies demonstrated that these transgenic fish exhibited resistant characteristic to infection by microbial pathogens. Here, we hypothesized that cecropin P1 transgene product may not only directly eliminate microbial pathogens, but also indirectly exert immunomodulatory activity in the transgenic hosts to elevate their disease resistance. To address this hypothesis, I have employed the technologies of mRNA deep sequencing (mRNA-Seq) and reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) array. In a preliminary cDNA microarray analysis, Lo and others (2014) reported functional perturbations of the immune relevant pathways in three immune competent tissues (namely, the spleen, kidney and liver) of the cecropin P1 transgenic rainbow trout. To overcome the technical limitations of the cDNA microarray, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of immune relevant pathways in the spleen, kidney and liver of two families of transgenic rainbow trout was analyzed by de novo mRNA-Seq. By sorting of Reads Per Kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads, the DEGs were determined. From the GeneCodis enrichment analysis, functional alterations of biological processes with identifiers of Gene Ontology: Biological Process and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes databases were observed. Via pathway analyses, immune relevant processes in the spleen and kidney, and energy metabolism relevant processes in the liver were significantly perturbed. By employing a custom-layout RT-qPCR array with pre-defined immune relevant DEGs, the expression patterns in three remaining transgenic families were profiled. The results of mRNA-Seq and RT-qPCR array analyses supported the hypothesis that the combined effects of transgenic cecropin P1 elevate the host disease resistance. Furthermore, the RT-qPCR array with pre-defined DEGs as bio-markers promises a fast, effective and inexpensive technique for screening of disease resistant fish strains for aquaculture.

Gene Expression and Manipulation in Aquatic Organisms
Gene Expression and Manipulation in Aquatic Organisms

Author: S. J. Ennion

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Published: 1996-06-20

Total Pages: 232

ISBN-13: 9780521570039

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The techniques of molecular biology offer a powerful means of investigating and controlling the genetic basis of mechanisms operating in living organisms. The development of these techniques in aquatic animals has now reached the stage where important questions relating to growth, development and adaptation to the environment can be addressed at the level of gene expression, and the introduction and expression of novel genes achieved. This volume presents some of the most exciting advances in this rapidly expanding area, with contributions on the evolution of adaptation to low temperature, adaptation to short-term fluctuations in temperature and salinity, gene expression during growth and development, myosin polymorphism and the generation of transgenic fish. As such, it will be of interest to all those working in the fields of marine and freshwater biology and also to those working in aquaculture.