Diseases produced by spirochetes, including Lyme borreliosis, syphilis and leptospirosis, are on the rise worldwide. This volume focuses on a series of state-of-the-art presentations of the research taking place in the laboratories of the contributors, and serves as an introduction to those individuals entering in the field of spirochete research.
This book is devoted to the structural, molecular, physiological and evolutionary aspects of spirochetes. Written by leading scientists in the field, it summarizes important aspects of spirochetes as a phylogenetic group of organisms and also surveys key representative pathogenic spirochetes in greater detail. The spirochetes include the causative agents of various important diseases, i.e. syphilis, periodontitis, Lyme disease, Leptospirosis and swine dysentery. This volume highlights in particular the recent advances in genetics, molecular biology and genomics in spirochete research.
Spirochetes comprise a fascinating group of bacteria. Although diverse in terms of their habitat, ecology and infectivity for vertebrate and non-vertebrate hosts, they are often considered together because of their similar cellular morphologies. This volume brings together an international group of experts to provide essential insights into spirochete biology, with an emphasis on recent advances made possible by the availability of genome sequences. As such, it offers a valuable resource for microbiologists and other scientists with an interest in spirochete biology.
The interface between spirochetes and the immune response is of significant importance to their pathogenesis and persistence. Evasion from the immune system leads to infections that present as Leptospirosis, Syphilis, Lyme Disease and Relapsing Fever and may lead to putative persistence and latency. Understanding the mechanisms involved in immune evasion will shed light not only on the hostpathogen factors involved in the process but also on how resistance to infection leads to protection. Broad examples include spirochetal interaction with the immune system, spirochetal molecules involved in immune evasion and in immune activation, innate immune responses in the skin and other compartments, factors involved in spirochetal adhesion to the extracellular matrix, interaction of spirochetes with antigen presenting cells, in vitro, ex vivo or in vivo, spirochetal lipoproteins and immunity. Specific examples include innate immunity to pathogenic spirochetes (T. pallidum, B. burgdorferi and Leptospira spp.), invasion and pathogenesis by L. interrogans, subversion and suppression of B cell responses by B. burgdorferi, role of antibody in clearance versus persistence of relapsing fever Borreliae, evasion of the complement system by B. burgdorferi, immune suppression by Ixodes tick saliva for effective transmission, adhesins and enzymes involved in dissemination of T. pallidum, spirochetal variable surface proteins in immune evasion, intravital imaging of pathogenic spirochetes (Borreliae and Leptospira) in host tissues, spirochete-host surface interactions. Additional specific examples for B. burgdorferi include novel approaches to control infection within the vector and/or in mammal; tick innate immune defenses and interaction of Ixodes scapularis salivary immunomodulatory molecules with human immune cells, tick-innate immune defenses (from the perspective of the tick midgut), mouse models of infection and genetic basis for pathogenicity, diverse roles of outer surface protein C. Additional specific examples for Leptospirosis include animal models of acute, sub-lethal and persistent infection; neutrophils and innate immune response; Toll-like receptor mediated B cell responses; markers of endothelial cell activation for disease severity in human leptospirosis, corticosteroid treatment of advanced human leptospirosis, and urinary biomarkers of chronic Leptospirosis.
This book explores the many mechanisms by which the most prevalent Spirochetal pathogens persist in a healthy immune-competent host. Among them are the direct and indirect suppression of host immune signals, phase and antigenic variation, escaping recognition by host complement proteins, and seclusion into immune privileged sites. We also explore antibiotic therapy for control of infection, a baffling topic that lends itself to exalted interpretation.