Offering comprehensive and up-to-date know-how in one compact book, an experienced editor and top authors cover every aspect of these important molecules from molecular recognition to cyclodextrins as enzyme models. Chapters include reactivity and chemistry, chromatography, X-ray, NMR plus other physicochemical methods, as well as model calculations, rotaxane and catenane structures, and applications in the pharmaceutical industry. The book also discusses other applications such as in the cosmetics, toiletries, textile and wrapping industries, agrochemistry, electrochemical sensors, and devices. A must for everyone working with these substances.
Chemistry was at one time completely described in terms of collision theo ry, in which one molecule collided with another, sometimes producing reac tion. Then came the realization that enzymes which are highly efficient ca talysts, work by way of prior complexation, often stereospecific, which is then followed by chemical reaction. Thus, systems that exhibit "host-guest" relationships, i.e., that show complexing are being looked at an ever in creasing frequency. The cyclodextrins are the first and probably the most important example of compounds that exhibits complex formation. This is a book about the cyclodextrins. There are of course other compounds that exhibit "host-guest" relationships and thus bind other organic molecules, but so far they have not achieved the importance of the cyclodextrins. By their name it is obvious that cyclodextrins are cyclic compounds. The complexes that they form are therefore cyclic inclusion complexes. Because the complexes are cyclic in nature, complexation can be very strong, as op posed to 1t-complex, electrostatic, or apolar complexes in which complex formation is two-dimensional rather than three-dimensional. Cyclodextrins turn out to be excellent models of enzymes. This is proba bly not fortuitous because they were first sought since it was discovered that the principal binding in the enzyme chymotrypsin was a cyclic inclusion complex. Cyclodextrins can do more than form cyclic inclusion complexes, they can catalyze as well. But catalysis always occurs after complex formation.
Nearly three thousand papers and patents are dedicated to the actual or potential uses of cyclodextrins in pharmacy and pharmaceutical formulations. This is the first book written for pharmacists and pharmaceutical technologists which not only critically summarizes the enormous amount of literature available, but which can be used as a handbook when looking for solutions to practical problems. The fundamentals -- chemistry of cyclodextrins and their derivatives -- their physical and chemical properties are condensed to the most relevant items in Chapters 1 and 2. Chapter 3 deals with the adsorption, metabolism and toxicological properties of cyclodextrins. Chapter 4 explains the formulation, structure, composition and advantageous effects of the cyclodextrin inclusion complexes. Chapter 5 describes the methods for preparation and characterization of drug/cyclodextrin complexes. Chapters 6 and 7 are dedicated to the pharmacokinetics, biopharmaceutical and technological aspects of drug/CD complexes. Chapter 8 treats the application and effects of cyclodextrins in various drug formulations. The Appendix comprises a collection of recipes for any type of drug formulation. This book is aimed at those who use cyclodextrins in drug formulations, to improve the properties of existing drug formulations, or who want to prepare quite new formulations.
The book is devoted to the highly versatile and potential ingredient Cyclodextrin, a family of cyclic oligosaccharides composed of ?-(1,4)-linked glucopyranose subunits. Its molecular complexation phenomena and negligible cytotoxic effects attribute toward its application such as in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food, agriculture, textile, separation process, analytical methods, catalysis, environment protection, and diagnostics. Efforts have also been made to concentrate on recent research outcomes along with future prospects of cyclodextrins to attract the interest of scientists from the industry and academia. The contributions of the authors are greatly acknowledged, without which this compilation would not have been possible.
This book presents the historical development of Cyclodextrins by scientists who have made outstanding contribution to the field. Cyclodextrins are safe, cage-like molecules that have found major applications in many industrial sectors such as medicine, food, agriculture, environment and chemistry.
This authoritative reference work presents comprehensive information about one of the most important and most wide-spread classes of (bio)organic compounds: the polysaccharides. The comprehensive and thoroughly up-to-date handbook presents the sources, identification, analysis, biosynthesis, biotechnology and applications of important polysaccharides likes starches, cellulose, chitin, gum and microbial polysaccharides. Polysaccharides can exhibit complex structure and various functional activities. These bio macromolecules can therefore serve as raw materials for various different materials, e.g. rayon, cellulose acetate, celluloid and nitrocellulose; and they find multiple applications, for instance as surgical threads (chitin), as sources of energy, dietary fibers, as blood flow adjuvants, in cosmetics, emulsion stabilizers, film formers, binders, viscosity increasing agents or skin conditioning agenta, as food additives in gums, chewing gum bases and as vaccines. Polysaccharides form the basis for useful products, like xanthan gum, dextran, welan gum, gellan gum, diutan gum and pullulan. Some of the polysaccharide-derived products have interesting and useful properties and show biological activities, such as immunomodulatory, antibacterial, anti-mutagenic, radioprotective, anti-oxidative, anti-ulcer, antidepressant, anti-septicaemic or anti-inflammatory activities. All these applications and properties of polysaccharides are for the first time compiled in a thorough and comprehensive overview in the present work. This reference work is organized thematically in four parts: Part I. Polysaccharides: Occurrence, Structure, Distribution and Biotechnology. Part II. Methods. Part III. Bioactive Polysaccharides. Part IV. Polysaccharides as Food. This reference work is edited by experienced experts, all chapters are written by well recognized international specialists. It is useful to all those working in the field of botany, phytochemistry, pharmacy, drug delivery, molecular biology, metabolomics, forestry, environment, conservation, biotechnology and NGOs working for forest protection.
Supramolecular Catalysis Provides a timely and detailed overview of the expanding field of supramolecular catalysis The subdiscpline of supramolecular catalysis has expanded in recent years, benefiting from the development of homogeneous catalysis and supramolecular chemistry. Supramolecular catalysis allows chemists to design custom-tailored metal and organic catalysts by devising non-covalent interactions between the various components of the reaction. Edited by two world-renowned researchers, Supramolecular Catalysis: New Directions and Developments summarizes the most significant developments in the dynamic, interdisciplinary field. Contributions from an international panel of more than forty experts address a broad range of topics covering both organic and metal catalysts, including emergent catalysis by self-replicating molecules, switchable catalysis using allosteric effects, supramolecular helical catalysts, and transition metal catalysis in confined spaces. This authoritative and up-to-date volume: Covers ligand-ligand interactions, assembled multi-component catalysts, ligand-substrate interactions, and supramolecular organocatalysis and non-classical interactions Presents recent work on supramolecular catalysis in water, supramolecular allosteric catalysis, and catalysis promoted by discrete cages, capsules, and other confined environments Highlights current research trends and discusses the future of supramolecular catalysis Includes full references and numerous figures, tables, and color illustrations Supramolecular Catalysis: New Directions and Developments is essential reading for catalytic chemists, complex chemists, biochemists, polymer chemists, spectroscopists, and chemists working with organometallics.
This handbook presents recent advances and offers a comprehensive reference resource covering the developments in and applications of macrocyclic supramolecular assembly, with a focus on their construction, structural characters and biological functions. The main topics addressed include: Construction and structure of macrocyclic supramolecular assembly – key building blocks, construction methods, structural motifs, and stimuli responsive control Approach and technology – controllable synthesis, molecular recognition, spectral and thermodynamic study, supramolecular assembly at interfaces, orthogonal self-assembly, the supramolecular organic framwork (SOF), molecular induced aggregation, supramolecule assisted 3D printing, theoretical calculation and molecular simulation Biological applications – chemical and biological sensing, theranostic tools, molecule/ion channels, drug/gene delivery, supramolecule assisted biomolecule production, supramolecule assisted transmembrane transport, supramolecule assisted immunity regulation, supramolecule-based medicinal drug, etc. This handbook appeals to graduate and undergraduate students as well as scientists with interests in supramolecular chemistry, biochemistry, functional material and nanotechnology.
This book is the first volume of two volumes on cyclodextrins published in the series Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World. After a brief description of the cyclodextrin fundamentals, the first chapter by Grégorio Crini et al. provides an overview of cyclodextrin research during the last 5 years. The second chapter by Michal Řezanka discusses the synthesis of novel cyclodextrin systems by selective modifications. Then Eric Monflier et al. describes the synthesis of nanostructured porous materials based on cyclodextrins, and applications in heterogeneous catalysis and photocatalysis. The use of thermal analyses for assessing cyclodextrin inclusion complexes is reviewed in chapter 4 by Daniel Hădărugă et al. Experimental methods for measuring binding constants of cyclodextrin inclusion compounds are presented by David Landy. The second volume reviews cyclodextrin applications in medicine, food, environment and liquid crystals.
This volume contains the proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Cyclodextrins, held in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, May 31 - June 3, 1998. The papers collected represent a summary of the last two years' achievements in the application of cyclodextrins in such diverse fields as pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, textiles, chromatography and environmental sciences. Highlights: Chiral selection of chemicals, nuclear waste management, cyclodextrins in nasal drug delivery, cyclodextrins in pulmonary drug delivery, cyclodextrins as pharmaceutical excipients, pharmacokinetics, stabilization of drugs by cyclodextrins, structural characterization of cyclodextrin complexes by nuclear magnetic resonance and molecular modeling, artificial receptors, large cyclodextrins, cyclodextrins as enzyme models, new cyclodextrin derivatives and potentials. Audience: This book will be of interest to researchers whose work involves biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, food and chemicals and chromatographic methods, as well as fundamental cyclodextrin research.
