Methods For Recovering Viruses From The Environment

Methods For Recovering Viruses From The Environment

Author: Gerald Berg

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 2018-01-18

Total Pages: 242

ISBN-13: 1351082914

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This book argues, that without methods, there can be no research. Effective research requires effective methods, not always easy to come by. The development of methods in environmental virology became a focus of growing interest about two decades ago. Progress has been significant since that time in pure experimental systems, where there are no interferences, consistent high recoveries of viruses from environmental waters has been achievable for some time. In the natural environment, however, in relatively clean waters, substances such as humic and fulvic acids interfere with viral recoveries and average recovery rates probably do not reach 20%. With sewage sludges and shellfish, recoveries are undoubtedly much lower. Yet, even relatively low viral recovery rates have made possible the detection of viral hazards in drinking waters. The hazards that exist are undoubtedly much greater than those demonstrated with the relatively inefficient methods inefficient methods developed thus far. Improving methods, as they are developed in the years to come, will undoubtedly bring the true extent of the hazards into better perspective.


Methods For Recovering Viruses From The Environment

Methods For Recovering Viruses From The Environment

Author: Gerald Berg

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 2018-01-18

Total Pages: 467

ISBN-13: 1351091360

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This book argues, that without methods, there can be no research. Effective research requires effective methods, not always easy to come by. The development of methods in environmental virology became a focus of growing interest about two decades ago. Progress has been significant since that time in pure experimental systems, where there are no interferences, consistent high recoveries of viruses from environmental waters has been achievable for some time. In the natural environment, however, in relatively clean waters, substances such as humic and fulvic acids interfere with viral recoveries and average recovery rates probably do not reach 20%. With sewage sludges and shellfish, recoveries are undoubtedly much lower. Yet, even relatively low viral recovery rates have made possible the detection of viral hazards in drinking waters. The hazards that exist are undoubtedly much greater than those demonstrated with the relatively inefficient methods inefficient methods developed thus far. Improving methods, as they are developed in the years to come, will undoubtedly bring the true extent of the hazards into better perspective.


Environmental Virology

Environmental Virology

Author: V. Chalapati Rao

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2013-03-09

Total Pages: 97

ISBN-13: 1461597617

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We have attempted to provide a concise and up to date account of human viruses in the environment with attention to basic tools now available for monitoring viruses. We have aimed this introductory volume at young students, teachers and investigators in microbiology, virology, environmental engineering and health sciences. As the routes for virus dissemination become more varied, there is an enhanced potential for causing infection in humans. Improvement in the development of control strategies will alleviate the magnitude of viral pollution of the environment. This volume will introduce the reader to an area of science which of necessity must utilize a variety of disciplines. V.CHALAPATIRAO JOSEPH L. MELNICK v We humbly dedicate this volume to the cherished memory of our parents Contents Preface v 1 Introduction 1 References 9 2 Human enteric viruses in polluted water 10 Enteroviruses 10 Hepatitis A virus 11 Non-A, non-B hepatitis 12 Norwalk and Norwalk-like agents 12 Rotaviruses 13 Adenoviruses 13 Parvoviruses 14 Enteric viruses in the etiology of water-borne disease 14 Summary 16 References 16 3 Monitoring for viruses in wastewater and water 18 Why water should be monitored for viral contamination 18 Methods for monitoring viral contamination 19 Virus isolation from sewage, and surface and drinking water 25 Indicators for viruses 30 Standards for viruses in drinking water 32 Future developments in virus detection 33 Summary 38 References 39 4 Virus removal by treatment processes 41 Advanced waste treatment (tertiary treatment) 46 Disinfection 49 Summary 54 References 54


Evaluation and Application of Enteric Virus Recovery Techniques for Environmental Water Monitoring

Evaluation and Application of Enteric Virus Recovery Techniques for Environmental Water Monitoring

Author: Annie Rebecca Phillips

Publisher:

Published: 2016

Total Pages: 128

ISBN-13:

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Virus recovery techniques must preserve enteric viruses present in environmental waters and remove co-concentrated PCR inhibitory compounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate and apply virus recovery techniques for use in environmental water monitoring. For each technique, the percent recovery was determined for multiple enteric viral pathogens and process control viruses. Poly-ethylene glycol precipitation was shown to be the main source of viral loss, with percent recoveries ranging from 0.0% to 4.7%. Chloroform extraction and ultrafiltration had percent recoveries ranging from 277.2% to 0.6% and 62.5% to 9.7% respectively. The ultrafiltration technique was the most effective at removing PCR inhibitory compounds. Stream samples from Gwinnett County, Georgia were concentrated using the combined methods to test for multiple human enteric viral pathogens, with one sample testing positive for Sapovirus. This study highlights the need for more efficient recovery techniques to avoid underestimating possible public health risks.


Code of Practice for Agricultural Use of Sewage Sludge

Code of Practice for Agricultural Use of Sewage Sludge

Author: Great Britain. Department of the Environment

Publisher:

Published: 1989

Total Pages: 24

ISBN-13:

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Later editions are available from the Department for the Environment, Transport and the Regions (and its successor departments) but ISBN 0117522562 is still available from TSO's on-demand publishing service


Bacteriophages

Bacteriophages

Author: Martha R.J. Clokie

Publisher: Humana Press

Published: 2017-11-15

Total Pages: 316

ISBN-13: 9781493973415

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This book expands on the previous volumes with new chapters exploring emerging themes and methodologies in bacterial virus research. The chapters in this book are divided into 4 parts and cover topics such as: iron chloride flocculation of bacteriophages from seawater; encapsulation of Listeria phage A511 by alginate; examining genome termini of bacteriophage through high-throughput sequencing; genome sequencing of dsDNA-containing bacteriophages directly from a single plaque; characterizing bacteriophages by biology, taxonomy, and genome analysis; phage genome annotation using the RAST pipeline; and the use of RP4::mini-Mu for gene transfer. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Cutting edge and authoritative, Bacteriophages: Methods and Protocols, Volume III is a valuable resource for both established and novice phage scientists.


Viruses in Foods

Viruses in Foods

Author: Sagar Goyal

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2007-01-15

Total Pages: 355

ISBN-13: 0387292519

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This is the first book to focus entirely on viruses in foods. It collates information on the occurrence, detection, transmission, and epidemiology of viruses in various foods. Although methods for bacterial detection in food are available, methods for detection of viruses in food, with the exception of shellfish, are not available. It is important, therefore, to develop methods for direct examination of food for viruses and to explore alternate indicators that can accurately reflect the virological quality of food. This book addresses these issues along with strategies for the prevention and control of viral contamination of food.