Mathematical Models for Evacuation Planning in Urban Areas
Mathematical Models for Evacuation Planning in Urban Areas

Author: Sarah Bretschneider

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-07-20

Total Pages: 209

ISBN-13: 364228759X

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Disasters like floods, hurricanes, chemical or nuclear accidents may cause the necessity to evacuate the affected area. The evacuation of the urban area needs to be planned carefully. One issue is the reorganization of the traffic routing. Congested urban areas have usually complex street networks that are composed of many intersections with streets connecting them. The population density of a congested urban area is usually high and the street network is already used to capacity during rush hour traffic. The considered problem of this work is the reorganization of the traffic routing of an urban area for the case of an emergency mass evacuation. Especially aspects of the evacuation like safety, avoidance of delays and the total system travel time are taken into account. Combinatorial and graph theoretical aspects are adapted for the evacuation problem and highlight issues concerning especially conflicts within intersections. This work gives an extensive summary of literature of evacuation of urban areas. Mixed-integer linear programming models are developed for evacuation problems and heuristic algorithms are provided and tested.?

Intelligent Transportation and Evacuation Planning
Intelligent Transportation and Evacuation Planning

Author: Arab Naser

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-06-09

Total Pages: 121

ISBN-13: 1461421438

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Intelligent Transportation and Evacuation Planning: A Modeling-Based Approach provides a new paradigm for evacuation planning strategies and techniques. Recently, evacuation planning and modeling have increasingly attracted interest among researchers as well as government officials. This interest stems from the recent catastrophic hurricanes and weather-related events that occurred in the southeastern United States (Hurricane Katrina and Rita). The evacuation methods that were in place before and during the hurricanes did not work well and resulted in thousands of deaths. This book offers insights into the methods and techniques that allow for implementing mathematical-based, simulation-based, and integrated optimization and simulation-based engineering approaches for evacuation planning.

Pedestrian Dynamics
Pedestrian Dynamics

Author: Pushkin Kachroo

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 2018-10-03

Total Pages: 169

ISBN-13: 1439805202

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Homeland security, transportation, and city planning depend upon well-designed evacuation routes. You can’t wait until the day of to realize your plan won’t work. Designing successful evacuation plans requires an in-depth understanding of models and control designs for the problems of traffic flow, construction and road closures, and the intangible human factors. Pedestrian Dynamics: Mathematical Theory and Evacuation Control clearly delineates the derivation of mathematical models for pedestrian dynamics and how to use them to design feedback controls for evacuations. The book includes: Mathematical models derived from basic principles Mathematical analysis of the model Details of past work MATLAB® code 65 figures and 400 equations Unlike most works on traffic flow, this book examines the development of optimal methods to effectively control and improve pedestrian traffic flow. The work of a leading expert, it examines the differential equations applied to conservation laws encountered in the study of pedestrian dynamics and evacuation control problem. The author presents new pedestrian traffic models for multi-directional flow in two dimensions. He considers a range of control models in various simulations, including relaxed models and those concerned with direction and magnitude velocity commands. He also addresses questions of time, cost, and scalability. The book clearly demonstrates what the future challenges are and provides the tools to meet them.

Robust Evacuation Planning for Urban Areas
Robust Evacuation Planning for Urban Areas

Author: Marc Maiwald

Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand

Published: 2017-10-17

Total Pages: 194

ISBN-13: 3744871215

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In evacuation planning the capacities of the street network are usually assumed as in daily-traffic. However, such rare and unique situations induce disaster-related or traffic-related factors which affect the capacities of the street network negatively. This work focuses on a new robust evacuation concept in order to reduce the effects of such random capacity disruptions.

A Systematic Literature Review on Mathematical Models of Humanitarian Logistics
A Systematic Literature Review on Mathematical Models of Humanitarian Logistics

Author: Ibrahim M. Hezam

Publisher: Infinite Study

Published:

Total Pages: 35

ISBN-13:

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Humanitarian logistics (HL) is considered one of the most significant issues of disaster operations and management. Thus, HL operation should be viable enough to function well under the uncertain and complex nature of the disaster. Many difficulties in pre-and post-disaster phases bring both human and economic losses. Therefore, it is essential to make sure that the HL operations are designed efficiently. In the last two decades, several publications have emphasized efficient HL operations and proposed several mathematical models and algorithms to increase the efficiency of HL operations and motivated the necessity of a systematic literature review. A systematic literature review is deemed pertinent due to its transparent and detailed article searching procedure. In this study, due to the importance of the mathematical optimization model, we reviewed more than one hundred articles published between 2000 and 2020 to investigate the optimization models in the field of HL.We classified the optimization models into three main problems: facility location problems, relief distribution, and mass evacuation where each of the classified areas includes both deterministic and non-deterministic models.

Crowd Dynamics, Volume 1
Crowd Dynamics, Volume 1

Author: Livio Gibelli

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2019-01-22

Total Pages: 298

ISBN-13: 3030051293

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This volume explores the complex problems that arise in the modeling and simulation of crowd dynamics in order to present the state-of-the-art of this emerging field and contribute to future research activities. Experts in various areas apply their unique perspectives to specific aspects of crowd dynamics, covering the topic from multiple angles. These include a demonstration of how virtual reality may solve dilemmas in collecting empirical data; a detailed study on pedestrian movement in smoke-filled environments; a presentation of one-dimensional conservation laws with point constraints on the flux; a collection of new ideas on the modeling of crowd dynamics at the microscopic scale; and others. Applied mathematicians interested in crowd dynamics, pedestrian movement, traffic flow modeling, urban planning, and other topics will find this volume a valuable resource. Additionally, researchers in social psychology, architecture, and engineering may find this information relevant to their work.

Large-Scale Evacuation
Large-Scale Evacuation

Author: Michael K. Lindell

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 2018-12-07

Total Pages: 347

ISBN-13: 1482259869

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Large-Scale Evacuation introduces the reader to the steps involved in evacuation modelling for towns and cities, from understanding the hazards that can require large-scale evacuations, through understanding how local officials decide to issue evacuation advisories and households decide whether to comply, to transportation simulation and traffic management strategies. The author team has been recognized internationally for their research and consulting experience in the field of evacuations. Collectively, they have 125 years of experience in evacuation, including more than 140 projects for federal and state agencies. The text explains how to model evacuations that use the road transportation network by combining perspectives from social scientists and transportation engineers, fields that have commonly approached evacuation modelling from distinctly different perspectives. In doing so, it offers a step-by-step guide through the key questions needed to model an evacuation and its impacts to the evacuation route system as well as evacuation management strategies for influencing demand and expanding capacity. The authors also demonstrate how to simulate the resulting traffic and evacuation management strategies that can be used to facilitate evacuee movement and reduce unnecessary demand. Case studies, which identify key points to analyze in an evacuation plan, discuss evacuation termination and re-entry, and highlight challenges that someone developing an evacuation plan or model should expect, are also included. This textbook will be of interest to researchers, practitioners, and advanced students.

A Mathematical Evacuation Model
A Mathematical Evacuation Model

Author: S. D. Stearns

Publisher:

Published: 1963

Total Pages: 38

ISBN-13:

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The mathematical model discussed in this report is meant to be applicable to the problem of planning "optimum" strategic evacuations, in the sense that expected nuclear attack casualties to a given population are minimized. In the model, an "attack area" is divided into sectors. Within each sector, the vulnerability of personnel in various categories representing varying degrees of protection is specified, along with the maximum number of occupants allowed in each category. The allowed movements between sectors must also be specified. The principle problem discussed is that of determining an evacuation plan for a given attack area which minimizes the expected number of post-attack casualties. A linear program for deriving optimum evacuation plans is described, and examples of its operation are given.