Test-based accountability systems that attach high stakes to standardized test results have raised a number of issues on educational assessment and accountability. Do these high-stakes tests measure student achievement accurately? How can policymakers and educators attach the right consequences to the results of these tests? And what kinds of tradeoffs do these testing policies introduce? This book responds to the growing emphasis on high-stakes testing and offers recommendations for more-effective test-based accountability systems.
Learning about tests will help parents help their children perform better on all types of assessments. This guide explains the many types of tests that students can take and describes the benefits and limitations of each. Test use and improving test performance are discussed. Assessment usually takes place for purposes of instruction, screening, and accountability. While classroom tests are generally created by the teacher, students frequently face standardized tests, whether in the form of achievement tests, aptitude tests, or intelligence tests. Differences between norm-referenced and criterion-referenced tests and their uses are discussed. Issues of test bias and the fair use of tests are considered. Suggestions are given to help children develop test-taking skills. Alternative assessment, particularly performance based assessments, are discussed as a growing trend in American educational assessment. Three parent resources are listed, and a glossary is provided of testing terms. Making sense of testing and assessment is recognized as requiring commitment from parents and schools to work together. (SLD)
Showcasing assessment practices that can help teachers plan effective instruction, this book addresses the real-world complexities of teaching literacy in grades K-8. Leading contributors present trustworthy approaches that examine learning processes as well as learning products, that yield information on how the learning environment can be improved, and that are conducted in the context of authentic reading and writing activities. The volume provides workable, nuts-and-bolts ideas for incorporating assessment into instruction in all major literacy domains and with diverse learners, including students in high-poverty schools and those with special learning needs. It is illustrated throughout with helpful concrete examples.
Based on a long term qualitative study of four 'ordinary' secondary schools, and working on the interface of theory with data, this book explores how schools enact, rather than implement policy.
Analysing children's needs is a crucial part of assessment in child protection, yet support for practitioners carrying it out is lacking. Making Sense of Child and Family Assessment provides best practice guidance on how to analyse the information gathered during the assessment of the needs of children and young people and their families. The application of assessment frameworks hinges on human qualities and skills which are naturally prone to bias and inconsistency. This book provides practical, accessible guidance on how to apply assessment frameworks successfully, how to increase accuracy and empathy and how to analyse and represent children's needs faithfully in order to improve outcomes. The author provides an overview of key elements of theory, research and practice, and covers issues such as how information is gathered and analysed by different professionals in different sectors, and how this information is shared; how to form accurate hypotheses about cases; how to develop professional intuition; and how to improve analytical skills. Professionals working in child welfare and protection roles, such as social workers, health visitors, midwives and teachers, will find this practical guide to analysis invaluable in interpreting needs and outcomes. The titles in the Best Practice in Working with Children series are written for the multi-agency professionals working to promote children's welfare and protect them from harm. Each book in the series draws on current research into what works best for children, providing practical, realistic suggestions as to how practitioners in social work, health and education can work together to promote the resilience and safety of the children in their care. Brigid Daniel is Professor of Social Work in the Department of Applied Social Science at the University of Stirling. She is co-author of several textbooks and practice resources on child care and protection. She was a member of the multi-disciplinary team that carried out a national ministerial review of child protection practice in Scotland.
Word problems have been a staple of mathematics instruction for centuries, yet the rationale for their use has remained largely unexamined. A range of findings have shown how students consistently answer them in ways that fail to take account of the reality of the situations described. This monograph reports on studies carried out to investigate this "suspension of sense-making" in answering word problems. In Part One, a wide range of examples documenting the strength of the phenomenon is reviewed. Initial surprise at the findings was replaced by a conviction that the explanation lies in the culture of the mathematics classroom, specifically the rules implicitly governing the nature and interpretation of the word problem genre. This theoretical shift is reflected in Part Two. A detailed analysis of the way in which word problems are currently taught in typical mathematical classrooms is followed by reviews of design experiments illustrating how, by immersing students in a fundamentally changed learning environment, they can acquire what the authors consider to be more appropriate conceptions about, and strategies for doing, word problems. Part Three turns to a wider discussion of theoretical issues, a further analysis of the features of the educational system considered responsible for outcomes detrimental to many students' understanding and conception of mathematics, and suggestions for rethinking the role of word problems within the curriculum.
Interpreting an ECG correctly and working out what to do next can seem like a daunting task to the non-specialist, yet it is a skill that will be invaluable to any doctor, nurse or paramedic when evaluating the condition of a patient. Making Sense of the ECG has been written specifically with this in mind, and will help the student and more experienced healthcare practitioner to identify and answer crucial questions. This popular, easy-to-read and easy-to-remember guide to the ECG as a tool for diagnosis and management has been fully updated in its fifth edition to reflect the latest guidelines.
