It is possible to "stretch" a liquid and, when suitably prepared, liquids are capable of sustaining substantial levels of tension, often for significant periods of time. These negative pressure states are metastable but can last for days - long enough for substantial experimental investigation. This volume is a review of recent and current research into the behaviour of liquids under negative pressure. Part I deals with the thermodynamics of stretched liquids. Part II discusses the physical and chemical behaviour of liquids under negative pressure. Part III contains papers on the effect of negative pressure on the solidification of a liquid. Part IV is devoted to stretched helium and Part V discusses cavitation in various stretched liquids. Part VI deals with the effect of foreign substances on cavitation.
Providing vital safety information on over 1000 commerical chemicals, this work explores up-to-date data on fire and chemical compatibility, response methods for incidents involving chemical spills and fires, and personnel and worksite safety monitoring and sampling. The book includes more than 700 illustrations, structures, equations and tables, and a glossary with over 700 definitions.
A IUTAM (International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics) Sympo sium 'Mechanics and Physics of Bubbles in Liquids' was held at Pasadena, Calif., USA from 15 through 19 June 1981. The present volume contains the printed version of nearly all papers read at the Symposium. The study of the behaviour of bubbles in liquids was originally stimu lated by problems in cavitation and in boiling ofliquids. Today research is initiated by problems in many other fields as well. In this respect a growing interest from the side of biomechanics may be mentioned. Ordering of the papers could be done either according to the various mechanical and physical aspects of the subject or according to the fields of application. The presentaton at the Symposium contained a bit of both; there was a session on physico-chemical aspects for example and also a session on biological applications. The subdivision in this volume follows roughly the sessions in the Symposium. Most of them start with a paper of a survey nature, reporting progress made in recent years. Here, as in other fields of engineering science, one notes the important part played by experimental techniques and by numerical analysis.
The acronym Laser is derived from Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. With the advent of the ruby laser in 1960, there has been tremendous research activity in developing novel, more versatile and more efficient laser sources or devices, as lasers applications are ubiquitous. Today, lasers are used in many areas of human endeavor and are routinely employed in a host of diverse fields: various branches of engineering, microelectronics, biomedical, medicine, dentistry, surgery, surface modification, to name just a few. In this book (containing 10 chapters) we have focused on application of lasers in adhesion and related areas. The topics covered include: Topographical modification of polymers and metals by laser ablation to create superhydrophobic surfaces. Non-ablative laser surface modification. Laser surface modification to enhance adhesion. Laser surface engineering of materials to modulate their wetting behavior. Laser surface modification in dentistry. Laser polymer welding. Laser based adhesion testing technique to measure thin film-substrate interface toughness. Laser surface removal of hard thin ceramic coatings. Laser removal of particles from surfaces. Laser induced thin film debonding for micro-device fabrication applications.
The Guiding Helper is a practical guide to the three aspects of Islam within the Maliki school, namely Iman, Islam and Ihsan. It is an English adaptation of Ibn 'Ashir's famous text al-Murshid al-Mu'in, and has been written uniquely for the modern reader while only using authenticated opinions within the Maliki school. Containing 43 easy-to-memorize songs that are also fun to recite, it is destined to serve as a trusty companion for English-speaking Malikis for many years to come.
The title presents an up-to-date account of the research, development, and applications of metallic alloys, recent research into the structure of charge materials, melt treatment, and casting technologies, and their influence on the properties of melts and ingots. This research has confirmed theoretical concepts about the microheterogenous constitution of metallic melts and has made it possible to manage the quality of castings and ingots of various alloys by their special treatment in the liquid state. The four chapters of the book give theoretical and experimental evidence of the effect of the melt constitution on the structure and properties of the solid metal. Liquid Metal Processing: Applications to Aluminium Alloy Production considers common features of structure formation in aluminium alloys for a wide range of solidification conditions, including ultrasonic and thermal melt treatments and discusses the technological problems of these treatments.
This book contains the papers presented at a conference co-organized by the University of Nevada-Las Vegas and the Wessex Institute of Technology to facilitate trans-disciplinary communication on issues related to the nature of water, and its use and exploitation by society. With adequate water supply becoming a critical issue in more and more area, \there is a great and urgent need to bridge the gap between the broad spectrum of social sciences and humanistic disciplines and the specialists in physical and natural sciences, biology, environmental sciences, and health. Many issues are also trans-national in nature and relate to rights of states and hence it is essential to discuss these at international level to arrive at equitable and binding solutions that will ensure the rights of society to quality water supplies. The book discusses The nature of water; Water as a human right; Water as the source of life; Water in a changing climate; Future water demands and adaptation strategies; Water resources contamination; Surface and sub-surface water resources; Irrigation and desertification; Water, sanitation and health; Transnational water rights; Legislation and controls; Water through the ages; Lessons to be learnt; and Water and disaster management.
Laser processing of solid materials has been commonly performed in gas ambient. Having the workpiece immersed into liquid, having a liquid film on it, or soaking the material with liquid gives several advantages such as removal of the debris, lowering the heat load on the workpiece, and confining the vapour and plasma, resulting in higher shock pressure on the surface. Introduced in the 1980s, neutral liquids assisted laser processing (LALP) has proved to be advantageous in the cutting of heat-sensitive materials, shock peening of machine parts, cleaning of surfaces, fabrication of micro-optical components, and for generation of nanoparticles in liquids. The liquids used range from water through organic solvents to cryoliquids. The primary aim of Handbook of Liquids-Assisted Laser Processing is to present the essentials of previous research (tabulated data of experimental conditions and results), and help researchers develop new processing and diagnostics techniques (presenting data of liquids and a review of physical phenomena associated with LALP). Engineers can use the research results and technological innovation information to plan their materials processing tasks. Laser processing in liquids has been applied to a number of different tasks in various fields such as mechanical engineering, microengineering, chemistry, optics, and bioscience. A comprehensive glossary with definitions of the terms and explanations has been added. The book covers the use of chemically inert liquids under normal conditions. Laser chemical processing examples are presented for comparison only. - First book in this rapidly growing field impacting mechanical and micro/nano-engineering - Covers different kinds of liquid-assisted laser processing of a large variety of materials - Covers lasers emitting from UV to IR with pulse lengths down to femtoseconds - Reviews over 500 scientific articles and 300 inventions and tabulates their main features - Gives a qualitative and quantitative description of the physical phenomena associated with LALP - Tabulates 61 parameters for 100 liquids - Glossary of over 200 terms and abbreviations
