F# is a multi-paradigm programming language that encompasses object-oriented, imperative, and functional programming language properties. The F# functional programming language enables developers to write simple code to solve complex problems. Starting with the fundamental concepts of F# and functional programming, this book will walk you through basic problems, helping you to write functional and maintainable code. Using easy-to-understand examples, you will learn how to design data structures and algorithms in F# and apply these concepts in real-life projects. The book will cover built-in data structures and take you through enumerations and sequences. You will gain knowledge about stacks, graph-related algorithms, and implementations of binary trees. Next, you will understand the custom functional implementation of a queue, review sets and maps, and explore the implementation of a vector. Finally, you will find resources and references that will give you a comprehensive overview of F# ecosystem, helping you to go beyond the fundamentals.
Learn functional data structures and algorithms for your applications and bring their benefits to your work now About This Book Moving from object-oriented programming to functional programming? This book will help you get started with functional programming. Easy-to-understand explanations of practical topics will help you get started with functional data structures. Illustrative diagrams to explain the algorithms in detail. Get hands-on practice of Scala to get the most out of functional programming. Who This Book Is For This book is for those who have some experience in functional programming languages. The data structures in this book are primarily written in Scala, however implementing the algorithms in other functional languages should be straight forward. What You Will Learn Learn to think in the functional paradigm Understand common data structures and the associated algorithms, as well as the context in which they are commonly used Take a look at the runtime and space complexities with the O notation See how ADTs are implemented in a functional setting Explore the basic theme of immutability and persistent data structures Find out how the internal algorithms are redesigned to exploit structural sharing, so that the persistent data structures perform well, avoiding needless copying. Get to know functional features like lazy evaluation and recursion used to implement efficient algorithms Gain Scala best practices and idioms In Detail Functional data structures have the power to improve the codebase of an application and improve efficiency. With the advent of functional programming and with powerful functional languages such as Scala, Clojure and Elixir becoming part of important enterprise applications, functional data structures have gained an important place in the developer toolkit. Immutability is a cornerstone of functional programming. Immutable and persistent data structures are thread safe by definition and hence very appealing for writing robust concurrent programs. How do we express traditional algorithms in functional setting? Won't we end up copying too much? Do we trade performance for versioned data structures? This book attempts to answer these questions by looking at functional implementations of traditional algorithms. It begins with a refresher and consolidation of what functional programming is all about. Next, you'll get to know about Lists, the work horse data type for most functional languages. We show what structural sharing means and how it helps to make immutable data structures efficient and practical. Scala is the primary implementation languages for most of the examples. At times, we also present Clojure snippets to illustrate the underlying fundamental theme. While writing code, we use ADTs (abstract data types). Stacks, Queues, Trees and Graphs are all familiar ADTs. You will see how these ADTs are implemented in a functional setting. We look at implementation techniques like amortization and lazy evaluation to ensure efficiency. By the end of the book, you will be able to write efficient functional data structures and algorithms for your applications. Style and approach Step-by-step topics will help you get started with functional programming. Learn by doing with hands-on code snippets that give you practical experience of the subject.
If you have just started your adventure with F#, then this book will help you take the right steps to become a successful F# coder. An intermediate knowledge of imperative programming concepts, and a basic understanding of the algorithms and data structures in .NET environments using the C# language and BCL (Base Class Library), would be helpful.
Learn Data Structures and Algorithms! This book is a collection of lectures notes on Data Structures and Algorithms. The content found in this book supplements the free video lecture series, of the same name, "Advanced Data Structures", by the author, Dr. Daniel Page. This video lecture series is available at http://www.pagewizardgames.com/datastructures. This book: -Contains Computer Science topics and materials comparable to those found among university courses at a similar level (second-year) at top Canadian universities. -Provides an accessible written companion and supplemental notes for those that wish to learn the subject of Data Structures and Algorithms from the video lecture series, but have difficulties taking notes, or would prefer having a written alternative to follow along. This book is ideal for those with already an introductory programming background, know a little bit about computing, and wish to learn more about Data Structures and Algorithms and begin a more formal study of Computer Science. The materials here are a great place to start for supplemental/additional learning materials on the subject for self-study, university students, or those that want to learn more about Computer Science. Dr. Daniel Page places great emphasis on the introductory mathematical aspects of Computer Science, a natural transition from a basic programming background to thinking a bit more like a computer scientist about Computer Science. This book is not a textbook. The author assumes the reader is familiar with algebra, functions, common finite and infinite series such as arithmetic series and geometric series, and basic control structures in programming or logic. All the algorithms in this book are described in English, or using Java-like pseudocode. Chapters -Chapter 1 - Introduction: Data Structures, Problems, Input Size, Algorithms, The Search Problem. -Chapter 2 - Intro to Analysis of Algorithms I: Complexity Analysis, Comparing Algorithms, Growth Rate of Functions (Asymptotics), Showing f is O(g), Showing f is not O(g). -Chapter 3 - Intro to Analysis of Algorithms II: Some Properties of O, An Iterative Example, Back to our "Easy" Search Problem. -Chapter 4 - Dictionaries: The Dictionary Problem, Simple Implementations of a Dictionary. -Chapter 5 - Hashing: Hash Function, Hash Code, Separate Chaining, Open Addressing, Revisiting the Load Factor. -Chapter 6 - Trees: Tree ADT, Linked Tree Representation, Tree Property, Computing Height of a Tree, Tree Traversals -Chapter 7 - Priority Queues & Heaps: Priority Queues, Heaps, Array-Based Implementation, Building a Heap, Application: Sorting, Introduction to Amortized Analysis -Chapter 8 - Binary Search Trees: Ordered Dictionary ADT, BST Implementations, Inorder Traversal, Smallest, Get, Put, Remove, Successor. -Chapter 9 - AVL Trees: Height, AVL Trees, Re-Balancing AVL Trees, putAVL, removeAVL, AVL Tree Performance. -Chapter 10 - Graphs: Degrees and the Handshaking Lemma, Complete Graphs, Paths and Cycles, Trees, Forests, Subgraphs, and Connectivity, Graph Representations. -Chapter 11 - Graph Traversals: Depth-First Search (DFS), Path-Finding, Cycle Detection, Counting Vertices, DFS Tree, Breadth-First Search (BFS), Summary. -Chapter 12 - Minimum Spanning Trees: Weighted Graphs, Minimum Spanning Trees & Algorithms, Prim's Algorithm, Heap-Based Implementation of Prim's Algorithm and More! -Chapter 13 - Shortest Paths: Single-Source Shortest Path Problem, Dijkstra's Algorithm. -Chapter 14 - Multiway Search Trees: Beyond Binary Search Trees, Get, Put, Successor and Remove, (2,4)-Trees, B-Trees.
This practical text contains fairly "traditional" coverage of data structures with a clear and complete use of algorithm analysis, and some emphasis on file processing techniques as relevant to modern programmers. It fully integrates OO programming with these topics, as part of the detailed presentation of OO programming itself.Chapter topics include lists, stacks, and queues; binary and general trees; graphs; file processing and external sorting; searching; indexing; and limits to computation.For programmers who need a good reference on data structures.
Learn how to apply functional F# design patterns to a huge range of programming challenges, and discover a smart route to building better applications About This Book This book provides a path if you are coming from imperative and object-oriented paradigms It will take you to an intermediate level of functional programming in very practical manner to write enterprise-quality idiomatic F# code Tackle complex computing problems with simple code by fully embracing the functional-first F# paradigm Packed full of practical coding examples to help you master F# programming and author optimal code Who This Book Is For This book is for .NET developers, web programmers, C# developers, and F# developers. So, if you have basic experience in F# programming and developing performance-critical applications, then this book is for you. What You Will Learn Acquire the practical knowledge to use the main functional design patterns Realign some imperative and object-oriented principles under the functional approach Develop your confidence in building and combining first-order and higher-order functions Learn to use core language pattern matching effectively Make use of native F# algebraic data types in place of custom-built classes Recognize and measure the difference in resource consumption between sequences and materialized data collections Navigate and use F# Core libraries with ease by seeing patterns behind specific library functions Master writing generic polymorphic code In Detail Following design patterns is a well-known approach to writing better programs that captures and reuses high-level abstractions that are common in many applications. This book will encourage you to develop an idiomatic F# coding skillset by fully embracing the functional-first F# paradigm. It will also help you harness this powerful instrument to write succinct, bug-free, and cross-platform code. F# 4.0 Design Patterns will start off by helping you develop a functional way of thinking. We will show you how beneficial the functional-first paradigm is and how to use it to get the optimum results. The book will help you acquire the practical knowledge of the main functional design patterns, the relationship of which with the traditional Gang of Four set is not straightforward. We will take you through pattern matching, immutable data types, and sequences in F#. We will also uncover advanced functional patterns, look at polymorphic functions, typical data crunching techniques, adjusting code through augmentation, and generalization. Lastly, we will take a look at the advanced techniques to equip you with everything you need to write flawless code. Style and approach This book will teach you how to write F# code in an idiomatic functional-first manner, thereby improving the productivity of F# programmers. This book is ideal for an F# programmer who wants using F# in functional-first way.
Richard Bird takes a radical approach to algorithm design, namely, design by calculation. These 30 short chapters each deal with a particular programming problem drawn from sources as diverse as games and puzzles, intriguing combinatorial tasks, and more familiar areas such as data compression and string matching. Each pearl starts with the statement of the problem expressed using the functional programming language Haskell, a powerful yet succinct language for capturing algorithmic ideas clearly and simply. The novel aspect of the book is that each solution is calculated from an initial formulation of the problem in Haskell by appealing to the laws of functional programming. Pearls of Functional Algorithm Design will appeal to the aspiring functional programmer, students and teachers interested in the principles of algorithm design, and anyone seeking to master the techniques of reasoning about programs in an equational style.
Increase speed and performance of your applications with efficient data structures and algorithms About This Book See how to use data structures such as arrays, stacks, trees, lists, and graphs through real-world examples Find out about important and advanced data structures such as searching and sorting algorithms Understand important concepts such as big-o notation, dynamic programming, and functional data structured Who This Book Is For This book is for R developers who want to use data structures efficiently. Basic knowledge of R is expected. What You Will Learn Understand the rationality behind data structures and algorithms Understand computation evaluation of a program featuring asymptotic and empirical algorithm analysis Get to know the fundamentals of arrays and linked-based data structures Analyze types of sorting algorithms Search algorithms along with hashing Understand linear and tree-based indexing Be able to implement a graph including topological sort, shortest path problem, and Prim's algorithm Understand dynamic programming (Knapsack) and randomized algorithms In Detail In this book, we cover not only classical data structures, but also functional data structures. We begin by answering the fundamental question: why data structures? We then move on to cover the relationship between data structures and algorithms, followed by an analysis and evaluation of algorithms. We introduce the fundamentals of data structures, such as lists, stacks, queues, and dictionaries, using real-world examples. We also cover topics such as indexing, sorting, and searching in depth. Later on, you will be exposed to advanced topics such as graph data structures, dynamic programming, and randomized algorithms. You will come to appreciate the intricacies of high performance and scalable programming using R. We also cover special R data structures such as vectors, data frames, and atomic vectors. With this easy-to-read book, you will be able to understand the power of linked lists, double linked lists, and circular linked lists. We will also explore the application of binary search and will go in depth into sorting algorithms such as bubble sort, selection sort, insertion sort, and merge sort. Style and approach This easy-to-read book with its fast-paced nature will improve the productivity of an R programmer and improve the performance of R applications. It is packed with real-world examples.
Comprehensive treatment focuses on creation of efficient data structures and algorithms and selection or design of data structure best suited to specific problems. This edition uses Java as the programming language.
