The Model Rules of Professional Conduct provides an up-to-date resource for information on legal ethics. Federal, state and local courts in all jurisdictions look to the Rules for guidance in solving lawyer malpractice cases, disciplinary actions, disqualification issues, sanctions questions and much more. In this volume, black-letter Rules of Professional Conduct are followed by numbered Comments that explain each Rule's purpose and provide suggestions for its practical application. The Rules will help you identify proper conduct in a variety of given situations, review those instances where discretionary action is possible, and define the nature of the relationship between you and your clients, colleagues and the courts.
十五世紀末，歐洲人開始駕著船，帶著航海家、冒險家、傳教士、商人、軍人等航向不知名的世界各地。影響所及非三言兩 語可以道盡。台灣的地理位置正處於歐洲人由印度洋東航太平洋尤其到遠東的必經之地。1544年葡萄牙航海家從台灣附近的海域 遙望這個連綿青山綠水的海島，給了它「Ilha Formosa」（美麗島）後，Formosa遂成為西方人對台灣的稱呼了。從此也影響了台灣 歷史的發展。 在歐洲對外擴張及殖民政策影響下，十七世紀荷蘭人（1624−1662）與西班牙人（1626−1642）先後在台灣南部、北部佔領並 統治過台灣。之後，世界霸權由英國人取代，而中國在經過清初盛世後衰象逐漸出現。所以，英國逐漸取代荷蘭、西班牙、葡萄 牙在遠東積極擴張勢力尋求打開中國門戶，終於爆發中英鴉片戰爭（1840）開啟了中國淪為世界列強的次殖民地國家的一頁。與 此並行發展的是西方人積極瞭解並介紹東方的民族、語言、習俗、歷史、地理、宗教等等給自己同胞，便於傳教、經商、辦 理外交甚至統治。所以在鴉片戰爭前後於中國境內或香港等地創辦了幾份英文報紙、期刊。其中包括The Chinese Repository (1832 −1851), The Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal (1867−1941)及The China Review (1872−1906)。 三種刊物均創刊於十九世紀。內容上，The Chinese Recorder比較偏向基督新教在中國的傳教活動報導與討論，其他兩種除了時 勢報導外，有比較多學術性的研究專文。三種刊物的體例不僅彼此間不同，各刊物的體例長期下來亦各自有所增減。無論如何， 這三種刊物為後世留下西方人以英文書寫當時有關中國或鄰近地區的紀實；也留下十九世紀西方人對這些地區各方面的研究成 果，而且從他們選擇的題材與用字遣詞也可觀察到他們對東方民族與文化所抱持的意識型態。然而，三種刊物有一共同現象及與 當時中國行政版圖各省作比較（包括1895年台灣割讓日本到1900年為止），Formosa的報導及研究專文佔著相當大的比重。似乎在 十九世紀西方人心目中，Formosa所代表的是一個非常特別而單獨的一個地理區域。本書即是此三種刊物中有關Formosa的相關 報導及研究專文的集子。為免浪費人力與紙張，三種刊物中有四篇G. Taylor的文章被G. Dudbridge收入Aborigines of South Taiwan in the 1880s , 另一篇Rev. W. Campbell,“The Early Dutch Missionin Formosa”是作者的An Account of Missionary Success in the Island of Formosa 的第一章，所以這五篇不再重覆編入本集子。 三本刊物中Formosa的資料，大致分為專題性文章，旅行或航行錄，關於Formosa的出版品介紹或書評，通訊（Correspon dence）與日誌（Journal）等四類。內容包括：台、澎的地理，台灣的歷史、物產，國姓爺的生平，原住民的族群、語言、宗教、迷信、醫病方式，台灣沿海發生的船難及交涉，天災與動亂，中法戰爭（1884）甲午戰爭（1894−95）期間及戰後台灣的狀況，基督 新教在台灣的傳教活動及遭遇的困難、信徒人數的統計、淡水偕醫館（Mackay Mission Hospital）與牛津學堂（Oxford college）的成 立與年度報告，有關Formosa的新書出版訊息與書評等等，堪稱包羅萬象可補台灣史研究資料不足。 The Chinese Repository, The Chinese Recorder及The China Review僅僅是十九世紀西方人探討東方之刊物的一部份。個人精力有 限，期待後進者能從其他西方刊物著手將Formosa的研究資料編輯出來，讓研究十九世紀台灣史的資料更集中，研究成果更客 觀、更豐碩。
Looking at the Far East and American ambition in China through the lens of literature. In the imaginations of early Americans, the Middle Kingdom was the wealthiest empire in the world. Its geographical distance did not deter commercial aspirations—rather, it inspired them. Starting in the late eighteenth century, merchants from New York, Philadelphia, Boston, Salem, Newport, and elsewhere cast speculative lines to China. The resulting fortunes shaped the cultural foundation of the early republic and funded westward frontier expansion. In The New Middle Kingdom, Kendall A. Johnson argues that—for the merchant princes who speculated in the global Far East, as well as the missionaries and diplomats who followed them—Manifest Destiny spurred more than the coalescence of the fractious regions into the continental Far West. It also promised a golden gateway to the Pacific Ocean through which the nation would realize its historical destiny as the world’s new Middle Kingdom of commerce. Examining the influential accounts of westerners at the center of early US cultural development abroad, Johnson conceives a romance of free trade with China as a quest narrative of national accomplishment in a global marketplace. Drawing from a richly descriptive cross-cultural archive, the book presents key moments in early relations among the twenty-first century’s superpowers through memoirs, biographies, epistolary journals, magazines, book reviews, fiction and poetry by Melville, Twain, Whitman, and others, travel narratives, and treaties, as well as maps and engraved illustrations. Paying close attention to figurative language, generic forms, and the social dynamics of print cultural production and circulation, Johnson shows how authors, editors, and printers appealed to multiple overlapping audiences in China, in the United States, and throughout the world. Spanning a full century, from the post–Revolutionary War era to the Gilded Age, The New Middle Kingdom is a vivid look at the Far East through Western eyes, one that highlights the importance of China in antebellum US culture.
