Hot-melt extrusion with poorly soluble drugs

Hot-melt extrusion with poorly soluble drugs

Author: Jessica Albers

Publisher: Cuvillier Verlag

Published: 2008-08-22

Total Pages: 156

ISBN-13: 3736926979

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Hot-melt extrusion with poorly soluble drugs is a challenging method to enhance the solubility. The formation of solid dispersions, specifically of glassy solid solutions, wherein the drug is dispersed on a molecular basis in an inert carrier, leads to metastable systems that have advantageous dissolution behaviour but suffer from physical stability problems. To date, there is poor understanding of the solid state structure, the mechanism by which dissolution enhancement occurs, the stability on storage and in dissolution, and the processing to solid dosage forms. The hot-melt extrusion process is influenced by several parameters. The right coordination of these parameters is decisive for the production of solid dispersions and thus, the success in solubility enhancement. The solid state and the viscosity of the extrudates can be controlled by the temperature of the barrels. Besides the configuration of the screw and the temperature profile of the barrel, the design of the die plate represents the third important extrusion parameter. By keeping the dead storage capacity at a minimum, an early solidification and thus a blockage of the dies can be prevented. Due to shear forces evolving in the extruder barrel and the ability of the drug to dissolve in the molten carrier before reaching the melting temperature, the process temperature can be kept below the melting point of the substances. Basic butylated methacrylate copolymer is a suitable carrier to enhance the solubility of the poorly water-soluble drug celecoxib in a hot-melt extrusion process. The best solubility enhancement can be obtained by dispersing the drug in the molten carrier on a molecular basis and thus, to form glassy solid solutions. The solid state characteristics of the solid dispersion can be revealed by DSC analysis and interpretation of the corresponding glass transitions. Such systems may contain a drug load of up to 60% and are stable at increased temperature and humidity which is due to the very low water uptake of the components. Glassy solid solutions of celecoxib and basic butylated methacrylate copolymer have a fast dissolution rate and result in a 58 fold supersaturated solution. The mechanism of drug release from these glassy solid solutions is carrier-controlled and governed by dissolution. The enhancement of the dissolution rate is based on improved solubility and wettability. Basic butylated methacrylate copolymer interacts chemically with celecoxib in an acid-base reaction. The hot-melt extrusion process is highly dependent on the physicochemical properties of the compounds and their miscibility in the molten state. The use of basic butylated methacrylate copolymer as solubility enhancing carrier in hot-melt extrusion cannot be transferred easily to all drugs. Depending on the properties of the drug, specifically the melting point and the pKa, basic butylated methacrylate copolymer can be a useful carrier in glassy solid solution formation, but might be insufficient for solubility improvement. The formation of a glassy solid solution evolves from interactions between the drug and the carrier. Bonds can differ in their strength and can be advantageous or disadvantageous for a fast dissolution. Furthermore, decomposition processes can occur, when processing the drug at high temperatures. Thus, each formulation has to be analyzed separately. The interpretation of the chemical structure, the calculation of solubility parameters, the determination of melting temperatures and enthalpies, and the performance of molecular dynamics simulations are tools to predict the miscibility of drugs and carriers for the formulation of solid dispersions. A combined approach of tools predicting miscibility is highly appropriate, as no single technique may yield all the required information. Nevertheless, the evaluation of the melting behaviour via DSC has the highest impact. Hot-melt extruded glassy solid solutions can be processed into solid dosage forms. The mechanical energy input through milling and zabletting has no influence on the solid-state stability. The solution-state stability can be achieved by adding HPMC to the external phase. The filling of capsules with milled hot-melt extrudates is a promising technique to obtain solid dosage forms from glassy solid solutions. By the extensive analysis of the hot-melt extrusion process, the interactions of the compounds, the thermal characteristics, and the dissolution mechanism of the resulting systems, it is possible to predict the extrusion process in an early stage of development and to improve the dissolution of poorly soluble drugs.


Hot-Melt Extrusion

Hot-Melt Extrusion

Author: Dennis Douroumis

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2012-04-24

Total Pages: 404

ISBN-13: 1118307879

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Hot-melt extrusion (HME) - melting a substance and forcing it through an orifice under controlled conditions to form a new material - is an emerging processing technology in the pharmaceutical industry for the preparation of various dosage forms and drug delivery systems, for example granules and sustained release tablets. Hot-Melt Extrusion: Pharmaceutical Applications covers the main instrumentation, operation principles and theoretical background of HME. It then focuses on HME drug delivery systems, dosage forms and clinical studies (including pharmacokinetics and bioavailability) of HME products. Finally, the book includes some recent and novel HME applications, scale -up considerations and regulatory issues. Topics covered include: principles and die design of single screw extrusion twin screw extrusion techniques and practices in the laboratory and on production scale HME developments for the pharmaceutical industry solubility parameters for prediction of drug/polymer miscibility in HME formulations the influence of plasticizers in HME applications of polymethacrylate polymers in HME HME of ethylcellulose, hypromellose, and polyethylene oxide bioadhesion properties of polymeric films produced by HME taste masking using HME clinical studies, bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of HME products injection moulding and HME processing for pharmaceutical materials laminar dispersive & distributive mixing with dissolution and applications to HME technological considerations related to scale-up of HME processes devices and implant systems by HME an FDA perspective on HME product and process understanding improved process understanding and control of an HME process with near-infrared spectroscopy Hot-Melt Extrusion: Pharmaceutical Applications is an essential multidisciplinary guide to the emerging pharmaceutical uses of this processing technology for researchers in academia and industry working in drug formulation and delivery, pharmaceutical engineering and processing, and polymers and materials science. This is the first book from our brand new series Advances in Pharmaceutical Technology. Find out more about the series here.


Solubility enhancement of poorly water-soluble drugs by solid dispersion

Solubility enhancement of poorly water-soluble drugs by solid dispersion

Author: Adela Kalivoda

Publisher: Cuvillier Verlag

Published: 2012-06-25

Total Pages: 198

ISBN-13: 3736941412

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Summary Solid dispersions are a promising approach for controlled release drug delivery systems as both the bioavailability enhancement of poorly water-soluble drugs as well as the sustained release of water-soluble drugs are possible to optimize their in vivo performance. Different methods for the manufacture of solid dispersion systems have been introduced in literature. In the present work, two methods are compared: hot-melt extrusion and ultrasound-assisted compaction technique. Various carrier systems and drugs with different physicochemical properties are applied to investigate the feasibility of the technologies for pharmaceutical formulation. The formulations are compared to the corresponding untreated physical blends of the components regarding their solid state structure and dissolution behavior to assess the effect of the manufacturing technique. Ultrasound-assisted compaction technique improves the initial dissolution rate of fenofibrate, a poorly water-soluble model drug. The crystalline API is partially converted into its amorphous state. As equivalent results can be achieved if the polymers are added directly to the dissolution medium, the dissolution enhancement is attributed to an improved wettability of the drug. A statistical design of experiments is employed to investigate the effect of the process parameters on the results. Difficulties are encountered in the determination of process parameters which result in an optimal outcome. The process is very sensitive to the smallest changes of settings, for example of the position of the sonotrode. Additionally, the delivery of ultrasound energy is inhomogeneous. There is no or only insufficient user control of these parameters available. Furthermore, the duration of ultrasound energy delivery which is identified as a crucial parameter cannot be set by the user. The variable factors ultrasound energy, pressure of the lower piston and pressure of the upper piston affect the defined responses in the opposite direction. Hence, there are no settings which result in a satisfactory outcome. A strong influence of the material characteristics on the process is observed leading to a batch to batch variability. Due to an insufficient reproducibility of results, the application of the technology cannot be recommended in its current state in the pharmaceutical formulation development and/or production. Improvements in homogeneity of energy delivery, process monitoring, user control and amount of leakage are mandatory for an acceptable performance and a future application in the pharmaceutical sector. The polymers COP, HPMC and PVCL-PVAc-PEG are well suitable as carriers for hot-melt extruded formulations of fenofibrate. All three extrudates are amorphous one-phase systems with the drug molecularly dispersed in the polymer. The enhancement of the initial dissolution rate and the maximum concentration level achieved are dependent on the applied carrier system. Supersaturation levels of up to 12.1 times are reached which are not stable due to recrystallization processes. The application of blends of polymers as carriers reduces the decrease rate after cmax. Because of water absorption and polymer relaxation, the overall dissolution performance decreases with increasing storage times which can be avoided through an optimization of the packaging. If oxeglitazar is used as API, the initial dissolution rate of the extrudates is below that of the untreated drug, with the exception of the ternary blend of COP, HPMC and oxeglitazar which shows a substance-specific super-additive effect. In contrast to the other extrudates, the formulation of PVCL-PVAc-PEG and oxeglitazar does not form a molecularly dispersed solid solution of the drug in the carrier. Instead, an amorphous two-phase system is present. No changes are observed after storage, presumably due to higher glass transition temperatures of the hot-melt extruded systems which are considerably above those of the corresponding fenofibrate extrudates. With felodipine as API, the dissolution profile is enhanced with COP as single carrier. If HPMC or PVCL-PVAc-PEG is used as single or additional polymeric carriers, the dissolution is equivalent (HPMC) or lower (PVCL-PVAc-PEG) than that of the pure drug although molecularly disperse systems are present in all cases. Out of the two investigated methods only hot-melt extrusion is a suitable technology to manufacture solid dispersions with an improved dissolution behavior. The dissolution profile of the extrudates can be influenced by adding polymers with differing physicochemical characteristics. Predictions on the dissolution behavior of the extrudates with polymeric blends as carriers can be made if there is knowledge on the dissolution profiles of the corresponding single polymeric extrudates. Due to substance-specific effects, the results are not transferable from drug to drug. Even so, the data are promising as the release behavior of the manufactured extrudates can be easily modified and readily adapted to one's needs. Further research will have to be conducted to verify the concept and the relevance of the results in vivo. Zusammenfassung Feste Dispersionen sind ein vielversprechender Ansatz zur Herstellung von Drug Delivery-Systemen mit kontrollierter Wirkstofffreisetzung, da sie sowohl die Bioverfügbarkeit schlecht wasserlöslicher Arzneistoffe verbessern als auch die Freisetzung gut wasserlöslicher Arzneistoffe verzögern können und so deren in vivo Verhalten optimieren. Verschiedene Herstellungsmethoden wurden in der Literatur vorgestellt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden zwei Technologien miteinander verglichen: Schmelzextrusion und Ultraschall gestützte Verpressung (USAC). Verschiedene Trägersysteme und Arzneistoffe mit unterschiedlichen physikochemischen Eigenschaften werden untersucht, um die Einsatzmöglichkeit im pharmazeutischen Bereich zu überprüfen. Die Struktur der hergestellten Systeme und deren Freisetzungsverhalten werden mit den physikalischen Mischungen der Komponenten verglichen, um den Einfluss der Formulierung zu bestimmen. Durch USAC wird die initiale Freisetzungsrate von Fenofibrat, einem schlecht wasserlöslichen Modellarzneistoff, verbessert. Eine teilweise Umwandlung vom kristallinen in den amorphen Zustand tritt auf. Vergleichbare Ergebnisse werden bei einer Polymerzugabe zum Freisetzungsmedium erreicht; daher wird davon ausgegangen, dass vor allem eine verbesserte Benetzbarkeit des Arzneistoffs eine Rolle spielt. Mittels statistischer Versuchsplanung wird der Einfluss der verschiedenen Prozessparameter untersucht. Die Einstellung der Prozessparameter, um ein optimales Ergebnis zu erhalten, gestaltet sich schwierig. Der Prozess reagiert auf kleinste Veränderungen, zum Beispiel der Position der Sonotrode, überaus sensitiv. Außerdem wird die Ultraschallenergie nicht homogen übertragen. Die Kontrolle dieser Parameter durch den Anwender ist nicht oder nur unzureichend möglich. Ebenso kann die Dauer der Ultraschallapplizierung, die essentiell für den Prozess ist, nicht eingestellt werden. Die Prozessparameter Ultraschallenergie, Unterstempeldruck und Sonotrodendruck beeinflussen die Zielgrößen in entgegengesetzter Richtung. Daher gibt es keine Einstellung, die für alle Zielgrößen optimale Ergebnisse liefert. Zusätzlich ist der Prozess stark abhängig von den Eigenschaften des verwendeten Materials: Die Verwendung unterschiedlicher Polymerchargen macht eine Anpassung der Prozessparameter notwendig, um vergleichbare Ergebnisse zu erhalten. Eine ausreichende Reproduzierbarkeit der Ergebnisse für einen Einsatz dieser Technologie in Formulierungsentwicklung oder Produktion ist nicht gegeben. Eine homogene Ultraschallenergiezufuhr sowie Verbesserungen der Prozessüberwachung, der Benutzerkontrolle und eine Verminderung der austretenden Materialmenge sind für eine akzeptable Leistung und eine zukünftige Anwendung im pharmazeutischen Bereich zwingend erforderlich. Die Polymere COP, HPMC, PVCL-PVAc-PEG sind für eine Freisetzungsverbesserung von Fenofibrat mittels Schmelzextrusion geeignet. Es liegen einphasige, molekulardisperse feste Lösungen vor. Abhängig von der Trägersubstanz wird die initiale Freisetzungsrate unterschiedlich stark erhöht, ebenso die maximale Konzentration des Arzneistoffes in Lösung. Eine bis zu 12.1-fache Übersättigung wird erreicht, die aufgrund von Rekristallisationsprozessen nicht stabil ist. Der Einsatz von polymeren Mischungen reduziert die Geschwindigkeit des Konzentrationsabfalls. Die Absorption von Wasser und Relaxationseffekte vermindern die Freisetzungserhöhung mit zunehmender Lagerdauer; dieser Entwicklung kann durch eine Optimierung des Packmittels entgegengewirkt werden. Wird der ebenfalls schwer wasserlösliche Arzneistoff Oxeglitazar verwendet, so ist die initiale Freisetzungsrate der Extrudate der des reinen Arzneistoffs unterlegen, mit Ausnahme der ternären Mischung von COP, HPMC und Oxeglitazar, die einen substanzspezifischen überadditiven Effekt aufweist. PVCL-PVAc-PEG-Oxeglitazar-Extrudate bilden im Gegensatz zu den übrigen Formulierungen keine molekulardisperse feste Lösung, sondern ein amorphes Zwei-Phasen-System. Eine Veränderung während der Lagerzeit wird nicht beobachtet, vermutlich aufgrund der höheren Glasübergangstemperaturen dieser Systeme. Lediglich das Freisetzungsprofil von COP-Felodipin-Extrudaten ist verbessert. Gegenüber dem reinen Arzneistoff ist die Freisetzung der übrigen Extrudate vergleichbar (HPMC) oder verringert (PVCL-PVAc-PEG), obwohl auch hier molekulardisperse Systeme vorliegen. Von den beiden untersuchten Technologien ist lediglich die Schmelzextrusion geeignet, um feste Dispersionen mit einem verbesserten Freisetzungsverhalten herzustellen. Das Freisetzungsprofil der Extrudate kann durch den Zusatz von Polymeren mit unterschiedlichen Eigenschaften optimiert und vorhergesagt werden, wenn das Freisetzungsprofil der Einzelpolymer-Extrudate bekannt ist. Die Ergebnisse sind aufgrund von substanzspezifischen Effekten nicht von Arzneistoff auf Arzneistoff übertragbar. Nichtsdestotrotz sind die Erkenntnisse dieser Arbeit vielversprechend, da gezeigt wird, dass das Freisetzungsprofil der Extrudate leicht beeinflusst und an spezifische Anforderungen angepasst werden kann. Weitere Untersuchungen sind notwendig, um das Konzept und die Relevanz der Ergebnisse in vivo zu überprüfen.


Formulating Poorly Water Soluble Drugs

Formulating Poorly Water Soluble Drugs

Author: Robert O. Williams III

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2011-12-04

Total Pages: 656

ISBN-13: 1461411440

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This volume is intended to provide the reader with a breadth of understanding regarding the many challenges faced with the formulation of poorly water-soluble drugs as well as in-depth knowledge in the critical areas of development with these compounds. Further, this book is designed to provide practical guidance for overcoming formulation challenges toward the end goal of improving drug therapies with poorly water-soluble drugs. Enhancing solubility via formulation intervention is a unique opportunity in which formulation scientists can enable drug therapies by creating viable medicines from seemingly undeliverable molecules. With the ever increasing number of poorly water-soluble compounds entering development, the role of the formulation scientist is growing in importance. Also, knowledge of the advanced analytical, formulation, and process technologies as well as specific regulatory considerations related to the formulation of these compounds is increasing in value. Ideally, this book will serve as a useful tool in the education of current and future generations of scientists, and in this context contribute toward providing patients with new and better medicines.


Melt Extrusion

Melt Extrusion

Author: Michael A. Repka

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2013-10-11

Total Pages: 472

ISBN-13: 1461484324

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This volume provides readers with the basic principles and fundamentals of extrusion technology and a detailed description of the practical applications of a variety of extrusion processes, including various pharma grade extruders. In addition, the downstream production of films, pellets and tablets, for example, for oral and other delivery routes, are presented and discussed utilizing melt extrusion. This book is the first of its kind that discusses extensively the well-developed science of extrusion technology as applied to pharmaceutical drug product development and manufacturing. By covering a wide range of relevant topics, the text brings together all technical information necessary to develop and market pharmaceutical dosage forms that meet current quality and regulatory requirements. As extrusion technology continues to be refined further, usage of extruder systems and the array of applications will continue to expand, but the core technologies will remain the same.


Formulation and Processing Technologies for Dissolution Enhancement of Poorly Water-soluble Drugs

Formulation and Processing Technologies for Dissolution Enhancement of Poorly Water-soluble Drugs

Author: Justin Roy Hughey

Publisher:

Published: 2012

Total Pages: 458

ISBN-13:

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The number of newly developed chemical entities exhibiting poor water solubility has increased dramatically in recent years. In many cases this intrinsic property results in poor or erratic dissolution in biological fluids. Improving aqueous solubility of these compounds, even temporarily, can have a significant impact on in vivo performance. Single phase amorphous solid dispersions of a drug and polymer have emerged as a technique to not only increase the level of drug supersaturation but also maintain these levels for extended periods of time. Hot-melt extrusion (HME) has become the preferred processing technique to prepare systems such as these but has a number of limitations that prevent the successful formulation of many drug substances. Within this dissertation, the use of concentration enhancing polymers was investigated in parallel with a thorough evaluation of a novel fusion-based processing technique, KinetiSol® Dispersing (KSD), to prepare single phase amorphous solid dispersions that could not be successfully prepared by HME. Studies showed that the KSD technique is suitable for rendering thermally labile and high melting point drug substances amorphous through a combination of frictional and shearing energy. Compounds such as these were shown to degrade during HME processing due to relatively long residence times and low shear forces. Similarly, the KSD process was shown to successfully process solid dispersion compositions containing a high viscosity polymer with significantly lower levels of polymer degradation than obtained by HME processing. In the final study, KSD processing was used to prepare solid dispersions containing the hydrophilic polymer Soluplus[superscript TM] and methods were evaluated to formulate a tablet with rapid tablet disintegration characteristics, a requirement for sufficient dissolution enhancement. Combined, the studies demonstrated the effectiveness of combining proper polymer selection and formulation approaches with a suitable processing technique to form solid dispersion systems that provide rapid and extended durations of supersaturation.


Amorphous Solid Dispersions

Amorphous Solid Dispersions

Author: Navnit Shah

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2014-11-21

Total Pages: 702

ISBN-13: 1493915983

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This volume offers a comprehensive guide on the theory and practice of amorphous solid dispersions (ASD) for handling challenges associated with poorly soluble drugs. In twenty-three inclusive chapters, the book examines thermodynamics and kinetics of the amorphous state and amorphous solid dispersions, ASD technologies, excipients for stabilizing amorphous solid dispersions such as polymers, and ASD manufacturing technologies, including spray drying, hot melt extrusion, fluid bed layering and solvent-controlled micro-precipitation technology (MBP). Each technology is illustrated by specific case studies. In addition, dedicated sections cover analytical tools and technologies for characterization of amorphous solid dispersions, the prediction of long-term stability, and the development of suitable dissolution methods and regulatory aspects. The book also highlights future technologies on the horizon, such as supercritical fluid processing, mesoporous silica, KinetiSol®, and the use of non-salt-forming organic acids and amino acids for the stabilization of amorphous systems. Amorphous Solid Dispersions: Theory and Practice is a valuable reference to pharmaceutical scientists interested in developing bioavailable and therapeutically effective formulations of poorly soluble molecules in order to advance these technologies and develop better medicines for the future.


Application of Hot-melt Extrusion in the Manufacturing of Amorphous Solid Dispersions Containing Thermally Labile Drugs

Application of Hot-melt Extrusion in the Manufacturing of Amorphous Solid Dispersions Containing Thermally Labile Drugs

Author: Siyuan Huang

Publisher:

Published: 2017

Total Pages: 654

ISBN-13:

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Hot-melt extrusion has gained favor over traditional pharmaceutical formulation techniques in bioavailability/solubility enhancement because it is a solvent-free and continuous operation process that does not require major downstream processing. However, the thermal and mechanical energy applied during the extrusion process can cause chemical degradation of drugs and polymeric carriers In Chapter 1, different methods of preparing amorphous solid dispersions were reviewed. The amorphous solid dispersions generated by different methodologies were compared in terms of physical stability, chemical stability, and the in vivo/in vitro performance. In Chapter 2, the solubility advantage of amorphous solid dispersions was investigated through the heterogeneous phase equilibria analysis. A thermodynamic model for the quantitative assessment of solubility advantage of amorphous solid dispersions was then presented. The thermodynamic model accounted for the chemical potential change as a result of (a) amorphization, (b) ASD formation, and (c) water partition. Experimental solubility advantages of amorphous solid dispersions containing indomethacin was studied by means of intrinsic dissolution measurement. The thermodynamic model allowed predicting the solubility advantage of amorphous solid dispersions. In Chapters 3 and 4, the strategies used in hot-melt extrusion to facilitate manufacture of amorphous solid dispersions containing thermally labile drugs were investigated. Formulation screening based on Flory-Huggins theory, and the utilization of polymer designed for the extrusion process was evaluated in Chapter 3. With the selection of proper formulations, amorphous solid dispersions containing 30% (w/w) carbamazepine were manufactured without any degradation. Improved dissolution properties were also revealed with the final formulations. In Chapter 4, gliclazide was identified as a thermally labile drug with severe degradation by hydrolysis at elevated temperatures, especially when it existed in amorphous or solution form. After optimization of the hot-melt extrusion process, including improved screw design, machine setup, and processing conditions, gliclazide amorphous solid dispersion with ~95% drug recovery was achieved. This study demonstrated the importance of the following factors on drug degradation: (a) changing screw design to facilitate shorter amorphous (melt) residence time, (b) lowering processing temperature to avoid excess thermal exposure, and (c) minimizing processing parameters to reduce unnecessary mechanical energy input.