Semi-Supervised Learning
Semi-Supervised Learning

Author: Olivier Chapelle

Publisher: MIT Press

Published: 2010-01-22

Total Pages: 525

ISBN-13: 0262514125

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A comprehensive review of an area of machine learning that deals with the use of unlabeled data in classification problems: state-of-the-art algorithms, a taxonomy of the field, applications, benchmark experiments, and directions for future research. In the field of machine learning, semi-supervised learning (SSL) occupies the middle ground, between supervised learning (in which all training examples are labeled) and unsupervised learning (in which no label data are given). Interest in SSL has increased in recent years, particularly because of application domains in which unlabeled data are plentiful, such as images, text, and bioinformatics. This first comprehensive overview of SSL presents state-of-the-art algorithms, a taxonomy of the field, selected applications, benchmark experiments, and perspectives on ongoing and future research.Semi-Supervised Learning first presents the key assumptions and ideas underlying the field: smoothness, cluster or low-density separation, manifold structure, and transduction. The core of the book is the presentation of SSL methods, organized according to algorithmic strategies. After an examination of generative models, the book describes algorithms that implement the low-density separation assumption, graph-based methods, and algorithms that perform two-step learning. The book then discusses SSL applications and offers guidelines for SSL practitioners by analyzing the results of extensive benchmark experiments. Finally, the book looks at interesting directions for SSL research. The book closes with a discussion of the relationship between semi-supervised learning and transduction.

Introduction to Semi-Supervised Learning
Introduction to Semi-Supervised Learning

Author: Xiaojin Geffner

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2022-05-31

Total Pages: 116

ISBN-13: 3031015487

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Semi-supervised learning is a learning paradigm concerned with the study of how computers and natural systems such as humans learn in the presence of both labeled and unlabeled data. Traditionally, learning has been studied either in the unsupervised paradigm (e.g., clustering, outlier detection) where all the data are unlabeled, or in the supervised paradigm (e.g., classification, regression) where all the data are labeled. The goal of semi-supervised learning is to understand how combining labeled and unlabeled data may change the learning behavior, and design algorithms that take advantage of such a combination. Semi-supervised learning is of great interest in machine learning and data mining because it can use readily available unlabeled data to improve supervised learning tasks when the labeled data are scarce or expensive. Semi-supervised learning also shows potential as a quantitative tool to understand human category learning, where most of the input is self-evidently unlabeled. In this introductory book, we present some popular semi-supervised learning models, including self-training, mixture models, co-training and multiview learning, graph-based methods, and semi-supervised support vector machines. For each model, we discuss its basic mathematical formulation. The success of semi-supervised learning depends critically on some underlying assumptions. We emphasize the assumptions made by each model and give counterexamples when appropriate to demonstrate the limitations of the different models. In addition, we discuss semi-supervised learning for cognitive psychology. Finally, we give a computational learning theoretic perspective on semi-supervised learning, and we conclude the book with a brief discussion of open questions in the field. Table of Contents: Introduction to Statistical Machine Learning / Overview of Semi-Supervised Learning / Mixture Models and EM / Co-Training / Graph-Based Semi-Supervised Learning / Semi-Supervised Support Vector Machines / Human Semi-Supervised Learning / Theory and Outlook

Introduction to Semi-supervised Learning
Introduction to Semi-supervised Learning

Author: Xiaojin Zhu

Publisher: Morgan & Claypool Publishers

Published: 2009

Total Pages: 131

ISBN-13: 1598295470

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Semi-supervised learning is a learning paradigm concerned with the study of how computers and natural systems such as humans learn in the presence of both labeled and unlabeled data. Traditionally, learning has been studied either in the unsupervised paradigm (e.g., clustering, outlier detection) where all the data are unlabeled, or in the supervised paradigm (e.g., classification, regression) where all the data are labeled. The goal of semi-supervised learning is to understand how combining labeled and unlabeled data may change the learning behavior, and design algorithms that take advantage of such a combination. Semi-supervised learning is of great interest in machine learning and data mining because it can use readily available unlabeled data to improve supervised learning tasks when the labeled data are scarce or expensive. Semi-supervised learning also shows potential as a quantitative tool to understand human category learning, where most of the input is self-evidently unlabeled. In this introductory book, we present some popular semi-supervised learning models, including self-training, mixture models, co-training and multiview learning, graph-based methods, and semi-supervised support vector machines. For each model, we discuss its basic mathematical formulation. The success of semi-supervised learning depends critically on some underlying assumptions. We emphasize the assumptions made by each model and give counterexamples when appropriate to demonstrate the limitations of the different models. In addition, we discuss semi-supervised learning for cognitive psychology. Finally, we give a computational learning theoretic perspective on semi-supervised learning, and we conclude the book with a brief discussion of open questions in the field. Table of Contents: Introduction to Statistical Machine Learning / Overview of Semi-Supervised Learning / Mixture Models and EM / Co-Training / Graph-Based Semi-Supervised Learning / Semi-Supervised Support Vector Machines / Human Semi-Supervised Learning / Theory and Outlook

Semisupervised Learning for Computational Linguistics
Semisupervised Learning for Computational Linguistics

Author: Steven Abney

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 2019-08-30

Total Pages: 320

ISBN-13: 9780367388638

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The rapid advancement in the theoretical understanding of statistical and machine learning methods for semisupervised learning has made it difficult for nonspecialists to keep up to date in the field. Providing a broad, accessible treatment of the theory as well as linguistic applications, Semisupervised Learning for Computational Linguistics offers self-contained coverage of semisupervised methods that includes background material on supervised and unsupervised learning. The book presents a brief history of semisupervised learning and its place in the spectrum of learning methods before moving on to discuss well-known natural language processing methods, such as self-training and co-training. It then centers on machine learning techniques, including the boundary-oriented methods of perceptrons, boosting, support vector machines (SVMs), and the null-category noise model. In addition, the book covers clustering, the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm, related generative methods, and agreement methods. It concludes with the graph-based method of label propagation as well as a detailed discussion of spectral methods. Taking an intuitive approach to the material, this lucid book facilitates the application of semisupervised learning methods to natural language processing and provides the framework and motivation for a more systematic study of machine learning.

Graph-Based Semi-Supervised Learning
Graph-Based Semi-Supervised Learning

Author: Amarnag Lipovetzky

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2022-05-31

Total Pages: 111

ISBN-13: 3031015711

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While labeled data is expensive to prepare, ever increasing amounts of unlabeled data is becoming widely available. In order to adapt to this phenomenon, several semi-supervised learning (SSL) algorithms, which learn from labeled as well as unlabeled data, have been developed. In a separate line of work, researchers have started to realize that graphs provide a natural way to represent data in a variety of domains. Graph-based SSL algorithms, which bring together these two lines of work, have been shown to outperform the state-of-the-art in many applications in speech processing, computer vision, natural language processing, and other areas of Artificial Intelligence. Recognizing this promising and emerging area of research, this synthesis lecture focuses on graph-based SSL algorithms (e.g., label propagation methods). Our hope is that after reading this book, the reader will walk away with the following: (1) an in-depth knowledge of the current state-of-the-art in graph-based SSL algorithms, and the ability to implement them; (2) the ability to decide on the suitability of graph-based SSL methods for a problem; and (3) familiarity with different applications where graph-based SSL methods have been successfully applied. Table of Contents: Introduction / Graph Construction / Learning and Inference / Scalability / Applications / Future Work / Bibliography / Authors' Biographies / Index

Machine Learning and Big Data
Machine Learning and Big Data

Author: Uma N. Dulhare

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2020-09-01

Total Pages: 544

ISBN-13: 1119654742

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This book is intended for academic and industrial developers, exploring and developing applications in the area of big data and machine learning, including those that are solving technology requirements, evaluation of methodology advances and algorithm demonstrations. The intent of this book is to provide awareness of algorithms used for machine learning and big data in the academic and professional community. The 17 chapters are divided into 5 sections: Theoretical Fundamentals; Big Data and Pattern Recognition; Machine Learning: Algorithms & Applications; Machine Learning's Next Frontier and Hands-On and Case Study. While it dwells on the foundations of machine learning and big data as a part of analytics, it also focuses on contemporary topics for research and development. In this regard, the book covers machine learning algorithms and their modern applications in developing automated systems. Subjects covered in detail include: Mathematical foundations of machine learning with various examples. An empirical study of supervised learning algorithms like Naïve Bayes, KNN and semi-supervised learning algorithms viz. S3VM, Graph-Based, Multiview. Precise study on unsupervised learning algorithms like GMM, K-mean clustering, Dritchlet process mixture model, X-means and Reinforcement learning algorithm with Q learning, R learning, TD learning, SARSA Learning, and so forth. Hands-on machine leaning open source tools viz. Apache Mahout, H2O. Case studies for readers to analyze the prescribed cases and present their solutions or interpretations with intrusion detection in MANETS using machine learning. Showcase on novel user-cases: Implications of Electronic Governance as well as Pragmatic Study of BD/ML technologies for agriculture, healthcare, social media, industry, banking, insurance and so on.

Kernel Based Algorithms for Mining Huge Data Sets
Kernel Based Algorithms for Mining Huge Data Sets

Author: Te-Ming Huang

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2006-05-21

Total Pages: 266

ISBN-13: 3540316892

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This is the first book treating the fields of supervised, semi-supervised and unsupervised machine learning collectively. The book presents both the theory and the algorithms for mining huge data sets using support vector machines (SVMs) in an iterative way. It demonstrates how kernel based SVMs can be used for dimensionality reduction and shows the similarities and differences between the two most popular unsupervised techniques.

Introduction to Semi-Supervised Learning
Introduction to Semi-Supervised Learning

Author: Zenglin Xu

Publisher: CRC PressI Llc

Published: 2015-05-15

Total Pages: 250

ISBN-13: 9781439826096

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Including the historical background and recent advances in the field as well as theoretical perspectives and real-world applications, this book outlines a systematic framework for implementing semi-supervised learning methods. It provides a toolbox on semi-supervised learning algorithms, presenting illustrations and examples of each algorithm. The book defines and distinguishes supervised learning, unsupervised learning, semi-supervised learning, and other relevant learning tasks. It discusses important semi-supervised learning models, including generative models for semi-supervised learning, semi-supervised support vector machines, and graph-based semi-supervised learning methods.

Dataset Shift in Machine Learning
Dataset Shift in Machine Learning

Author: Joaquin Quinonero-Candela

Publisher: MIT Press

Published: 2022-06-07

Total Pages: 246

ISBN-13: 026254587X

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An overview of recent efforts in the machine learning community to deal with dataset and covariate shift, which occurs when test and training inputs and outputs have different distributions. Dataset shift is a common problem in predictive modeling that occurs when the joint distribution of inputs and outputs differs between training and test stages. Covariate shift, a particular case of dataset shift, occurs when only the input distribution changes. Dataset shift is present in most practical applications, for reasons ranging from the bias introduced by experimental design to the irreproducibility of the testing conditions at training time. (An example is -email spam filtering, which may fail to recognize spam that differs in form from the spam the automatic filter has been built on.) Despite this, and despite the attention given to the apparently similar problems of semi-supervised learning and active learning, dataset shift has received relatively little attention in the machine learning community until recently. This volume offers an overview of current efforts to deal with dataset and covariate shift. The chapters offer a mathematical and philosophical introduction to the problem, place dataset shift in relationship to transfer learning, transduction, local learning, active learning, and semi-supervised learning, provide theoretical views of dataset and covariate shift (including decision theoretic and Bayesian perspectives), and present algorithms for covariate shift. Contributors: Shai Ben-David, Steffen Bickel, Karsten Borgwardt, Michael Brückner, David Corfield, Amir Globerson, Arthur Gretton, Lars Kai Hansen, Matthias Hein, Jiayuan Huang, Choon Hui Teo, Takafumi Kanamori, Klaus-Robert Müller, Sam Roweis, Neil Rubens, Tobias Scheffer, Marcel Schmittfull, Bernhard Schölkopf Hidetoshi Shimodaira, Alex Smola, Amos Storkey, Masashi Sugiyama

Supervised and Unsupervised Learning for Data Science
Supervised and Unsupervised Learning for Data Science

Author: Michael W. Berry

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2019-09-04

Total Pages: 191

ISBN-13: 3030224759

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This book covers the state of the art in learning algorithms with an inclusion of semi-supervised methods to provide a broad scope of clustering and classification solutions for big data applications. Case studies and best practices are included along with theoretical models of learning for a comprehensive reference to the field. The book is organized into eight chapters that cover the following topics: discretization, feature extraction and selection, classification, clustering, topic modeling, graph analysis and applications. Practitioners and graduate students can use the volume as an important reference for their current and future research and faculty will find the volume useful for assignments in presenting current approaches to unsupervised and semi-supervised learning in graduate-level seminar courses. The book is based on selected, expanded papers from the Fourth International Conference on Soft Computing in Data Science (2018). Includes new advances in clustering and classification using semi-supervised and unsupervised learning; Address new challenges arising in feature extraction and selection using semi-supervised and unsupervised learning; Features applications from healthcare, engineering, and text/social media mining that exploit techniques from semi-supervised and unsupervised learning.