International Trade and Pharmaceuticals
Author: United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Finance. Subcommittee on International Trade
Publisher:
Published: 2004
Total Pages: 204
ISBN-13:
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The Changing Economics of Medical Technology
Author: Institute of Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
Published: 1991-02-01
Total Pages: 225
ISBN-13: 030904491X
DOWNLOAD EBOOKAmericans praise medical technology for saving lives and improving health. Yet, new technology is often cited as a key factor in skyrocketing medical costs. This volume, second in the Medical Innovation at the Crossroads series, examines how economic incentives for innovation are changing and what that means for the future of health care. Up-to-date with a wide variety of examples and case studies, this book explores how payment, patent, and regulatory policiesâ€"as well as the involvement of numerous government agenciesâ€"affect the introduction and use of new pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and surgical procedures. The volume also includes detailed comparisons of policies and patterns of technological innovation in Western Europe and Japan. This fact-filled and practical book will be of interest to economists, policymakers, health administrators, health care practitioners, and the concerned public.
Illicit Trade
Author: OECD
Publisher: Org. for Economic Cooperation & Development
Published: 2020
Total Pages: 0
ISBN-13: 9789264426986
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThis report, one in a series of studies by the OECD and the European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO), enhances understanding of the issues and challenges facing governments, businesses and society posed by the trade in fake pharmaceutical products. Illicit markets for fake pharmaceuticals are attractive for counterfeiters, given the high profit margins, low risks of detection and prosecution, weak penalties, and the ease with which consumers can be deceived into believing that the counterfeit products are genuine. Counterfeit medicines not only cause economic damage for the sector, but are also a significant threat to public health, since fake medicines are often not properly formulated and may contain dangerous ingredients. Fake pharmaceuticals include antibiotics, lifestyle treatments, pain killers, anti-malarial drugs, diabetes treatments and central nervous system medicines.
Promoting Access to Medical Technologies and Innovation - Intersections between Public Health, Intellectual Property and Trade
Author: World Intellectual Property Organization
Publisher: WIPO
Published: 2013
Total Pages: 259
ISBN-13: 9280523082
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThis study has emerged from an ongoing program of trilateral cooperation between WHO, WTO and WIPO. It responds to an increasing demand, particularly in developing countries, for strengthened capacity for informed policy-making in areas of intersection between health, trade and IP, focusing on access to and innovation of medicines and other medical technologies.
Access to Medicine in the Global Economy
Author: Cynthia Ho
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Published: 2011-04-21
Total Pages: 429
ISBN-13: 0195390121
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThe issue of how patents impact medicine has increased in significance within the last decade. The book provides an explanation of the current international infrastructure and explains how competing patent perspectives play a thus far unacknowledged role in promoting distortion and confusion.
OECD Health Policy Studies Pharmaceutical Pricing Policies in a Global Market
Author: OECD
Publisher: OECD Publishing
Published: 2008-09-24
Total Pages: 219
ISBN-13: 9264044159
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThis report assesses how pharmaceutical pricing and reimbursement policies have contributed to the achievement of certain health policy objectives, and it examines the national and transnational effects of these policies.
Intellectual Property Law and Access to Medicines
Author: Srividhya Ragavan
Publisher: Routledge
Published: 2021-07-28
Total Pages: 522
ISBN-13: 1000398706
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThe history of patent harmonization is a story of dynamic actors, whose interactions with established structures shaped the patent regime. From the inception of the trade regime to include intellectual property (IP) rights to the present, this book documents the role of different sets of actors – states, transnational business corporations, or civil society groups – and their influence on the structures – such as national and international agreements, organizations, and private entities – that have caused changes to healthcare and access to medication. Presenting the debates over patents, trade, and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement), as it galvanized non-state and nonbusiness actors, the book highlights how an alternative framing and understanding of pharmaceutical patent rights emerged: as a public issue, instead of a trade or IP issue. The book thus offers an important analysis of the legal and political dynamics through which the contest for access to lifesaving medication has been, and will continue to be, fought. In addition to academics working in the areas of international law, development, and public health, this book will also be of interest to policy makers, state actors, and others with relevant concerns working in nongovernmental and international organizations.
WHO guideline on country pharmaceutical pricing policies
Author:
Publisher: World Health Organization
Published: 2020-09-29
Total Pages: 70
ISBN-13: 9240011870
DOWNLOAD EBOOKIn recent years, high prices of pharmaceutical products have posed challenges in high- and low-income countries alike. In many instances, high prices of pharmaceutical products have led to significant financial hardship for individuals and negatively impacted on healthcare systems' ability to provide population-wide access to essential medicines. Pharmaceutical pricing policies need to be carefully planned, carried out, and regularly checked and revised according to changing conditions. Strong, well-thought-out policies can guide well-informed and balanced decisions to achieve affordable access to essential health products. This guideline replaces the 2015 WHO guideline on country pharmaceutical pricing policies, revised to reflect the growing body of literature since the last evidence review in 2010. This update also recognizes country experiences in managing the prices of pharmaceutical products.
Pharmaceutical Market Access in Emerging Markets
Author: Güvenç Koçkaya
Publisher: SEEd
Published: 2016-10-20
Total Pages: 239
ISBN-13: 889741964X
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThe definition of Market Access was first reported by the World Trade Organization as “to open markets for trade and improve transparency, reciprocity, and non-discrimination in international trade”. Pharmaceutical Market Access is different and it could be defined as achieving the optimal price for a product or service and/or the maximum reimbursement for the approved target population with no restrictions on funding for the medical technology. By the way, Market Access is not only the market authorization, but it also includes overlapping activities like pricing, health technology assessment, formulary, and reimbursement. Market Access is one of the most important activities for pharmaceutical companies and emerging countries represent an important opportunity for launching new products. It was reported that the Compounded Average Growth Rate (CAGR) was 6.0% in the period 2011-2017, and expected sales exceeding 1.1 trillion USD by 2017 for emerging countries. Furthermore, CAGR 2008-2012 for recently launched pharmaceuticals were 9.8% for emerging countries and 1.5% for the top 8 developed countries. The Market Access processes in the most important emerging countries in the selected regions are defined in this book with the aim to help local experts, local government officers, headquarter managements, and everyone who want to learn more about healthcare system and health policies pathways of Market Access, mapping and structure of decision makers, challenges and catalyzers for Market Access in the emerging countries.
A Practical Approach to Pharmaceutical Policy
Author: Andreas Seiter
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Published: 2010-06-17
Total Pages: 240
ISBN-13: 0821383876
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThis book offers policy makers a hands-on approach, tested in the World Bank’s field work in many countries, for developing policies that improve access to safe, effective medicines in health systems of low- and middle-income economies.
