Incomplete Information and the Closed-end Fund Discount

Incomplete Information and the Closed-end Fund Discount

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We model the closed-end fund discount/premium in a version of Merton's (1978) asset pricing model with incomplete information. In this economy, investors trade only assets which they " know about" . The model generates a closed-end fund discount or premium, depending on risk-aversion parameters. The fund share price reverts to the net asset value on open-ending of the fund. The discount/premium is a result of two economic forces: (1) the fund manager's objective is to maximize expected utility of her fee income rather than the welfare of fund shareholders. Mis-alignment of objectives of the fund manager and shareholders results in discount/premium, and (2) for given risk aversion parameters, diversification benefits to investors determine the size of the discount/premium. Pontiff (1996) documents a positive relation between discounts and unhedgeable risk. This evidence along with other findings leads Pontiff to conclude that discounts appear to be a result of mispricing. Our model provides an alternative interpretation on the positive relation found by Pontiff based on the economic forces depicted above.


Closed-End Fund Pricing

Closed-End Fund Pricing

Author: Seth Anderson

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2013-04-17

Total Pages: 106

ISBN-13: 1475736339

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Closed-End Investment Companies (CEICs) have experienced a significant revival of interest, both as investment vehicles and as the subject of academic research, over the past decade. This academic research has focused on the nature of closed-end funds' discounts and premiums and on the share price behavior of these firms. The first book by the authors, "Closed-End Investment Companies: Issues and Answers," addresses closed-end fund academic articles published prior to 1991. This second book addresses those articles that have appeared since that time. Closed-End Fund Pricing: Theories and Evidence is designed for the academic researcher interested in CEICs and the practitioner interested in using CEICs as an investment vehicle. The authors summarize the evolution of CEICs, present the factors thought to cause CEIC shares to trade at different levels from their net asset values, provide a complete survey of the recent academic literature on this topic, and summarize the current state of research on CEICs.


Closed-End Funds, Exchange-Traded Funds, and Hedge Funds

Closed-End Funds, Exchange-Traded Funds, and Hedge Funds

Author: Seth Anderson

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2009-09-29

Total Pages: 132

ISBN-13: 1441901671

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"Closed-End Funds, Exchange-Traded Funds, and Hedge Funds: Origins, Functions, and Literature is a concise and valuable book that will be of interest to individual investors, financial professionals, and academic researchers, alike. It provides a brief history and institutional discussion of these investment companies and also presents a summary of the research on these funds. Investment practitioners will find the book useful as a reference and as a quick refresher on the current state of knowledge regarding each fund type. Equally important, it provides academic researchers with an accurate institutional framework within which to cast their theoretical models, and a point of departure for expanding the empirical analysis for improving our understanding of these funds. All-in-all, this is a very valuable book; I highly recommend it." (John J. Jackson, Professor of Economics, Auburn University) "Professors Anderson, Born, and Schnusenberg provide a valuable service in this monograph. The practical significance of closed-end funds, exchange-traded funds, and hedge funds has increased dramatically in recent years, but all too many academics and investors know little about them. This text presents a carefully-focused and understandable description of these investment vehicles, highlighting the big, unresolved questions, while also including careful and fair accounts of the state of the literature. Nothing extraneous clutters the presentation, but, more importantly, nothing necessary is left out. Highly recommended." (T. Randolph Beard, Professor of Economics and Public Policy, Auburn University) "This book is both useful as a reference book and as an additive, educational overview of ETFs and hedge funds, as well as CEFs. In today’s tumultuous markets, much reference is made to these subjects without a clear understanding of the vehicles, their structure and their history. This is a very timely publication and should be viewed as an important read. The book contains definitive explanations and also includes an excellent summary of past works in this area. Readable, informative and highly useful as a reference source." (Kathleen A. Wayner, President and CEO, Bowling Portfolio Management)


ETF Advisor Diploma - City of London College of Economics - 3 months - 100% online / self-paced

ETF Advisor Diploma - City of London College of Economics - 3 months - 100% online / self-paced

Author: City of London College of Economics

Publisher: City of London College of Economics

Published:

Total Pages: 1000

ISBN-13:

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Overview Did you ever want to know more about ETFs? With this diploma course you will acquire an in-depth understanding to become a successful ETF Advisor. Content - What ETFs are - How ETFs are Created and Priced - ETFs Compared to Index Mutual Funds - Advantages and Disadvantages of ETFs - Tax and Operational Efficiency of Exchange-Traded Funds - International Diversification of ETFs - ETF Basket - ETF Regulation - Comparing Fees by Structure - Actively Managed ETFs - Calculating the Net Asset Value - Currency ETFs -And much more Duration 3 months Assessment The assessment will take place on the basis of one assignment at the end of the course. Tell us when you feel ready to take the exam and we’ll send you the assignment questions. Study material ​​​​​​​The study material will be provided in separate files by email / download link.


The Closed-End Fund Discount Puzzle

The Closed-End Fund Discount Puzzle

Author: Urbi Garay

Publisher:

Published: 2008

Total Pages:

ISBN-13:

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Academic research has focused specifically on the enigmatic behavior of closed-end fund discounts, known in the literature as the closed-end fund discount puzzle. The extant evidence suggests that closed-end funds are issued at a premia with respect to their net asset values but typically trade at discounts thereafter, that the average closed-end fund trades at a significant discount relative to its net asset value, that discounts fluctuate widely over time and also across funds, and that closed-end fund prices converge to their net asset values when they are either liquidated or open-ended. Some of the theories that have been advanced attempting to explain the puzzle are efficient market based explanations and the Investor Sentiment Hypothesis. None of the theories, either individually or collectively, provide a sufficient explanation for the pricing of closed-end funds and, therefore, the enigma continues.


Closed-End Fund Discounts and Expected Investment Performance

Closed-End Fund Discounts and Expected Investment Performance

Author: Robert Ferguson

Publisher:

Published: 2013

Total Pages: 25

ISBN-13:

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This article provides empirical support for the theory that closed-end fund discounts reflect expected investment performance. Evidence is presented to explain how equity closed-end fund initial public offerings (IPOs) can sell at a premium when existing funds sell at a discount and why the initial IPO premiums decay after the IPO. Relative premium decay data are presented. Tests on (1) the relation between relative premium changes and investment performance following IPOs, (2) relative premium mean-reversion following management changes, and (3) net redemptions following closed-end fund open-endings for funds trading at pre-open-ending announcement discounts individually support and collectively strongly support the theory.


Swing Pricing and Fragility in Open-end Mutual Funds

Swing Pricing and Fragility in Open-end Mutual Funds

Author: Dunhong Jin

Publisher: International Monetary Fund

Published: 2019-11-01

Total Pages: 46

ISBN-13: 1513519492

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How to prevent runs on open-end mutual funds? In recent years, markets have observed an innovation that changed the way open-end funds are priced. Alternative pricing rules (known as swing pricing) adjust funds’ net asset values to pass on funds’ trading costs to transacting shareholders. Using unique data on investor transactions in U.K. corporate bond funds, we show that swing pricing eliminates the first-mover advantage arising from the traditional pricing rule and significantly reduces redemptions during stress periods. The positive impact of alternative pricing rules on fund flows reverses in calm periods when costs associated with higher tracking error dominate the pricing effect.