In Vitro Toxicology Systems
In Vitro Toxicology Systems

Author: Anna Bal-Price

Publisher: Humana

Published: 2016-09-03

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13: 9781493954803

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In Vitro Toxicology Systems brings together important issues and considerations needed in order to develop a workable, reliable, integrated testing strategy for the replacement of animals in toxicity testing regimes. This thorough volume includes sections on in vitro models for systemic organ toxicity, neurotoxicity, sensory organs, immunotoxicity and reproductive toxicity and addresses how stem cells may be used going forward. The book also tackles difficult areas of toxicology such as carcinogenicity and nanotoxicology, with additional chapters dedicated to kinetics, metabolism, and in vitro in vivo extrapolation. The book also addresses biological processes such as stress response pathways and mechanistic biomarkers and how these can be uncovered and measured using high content approaches. Reliable and authoritative, In Vitro Toxicology Systems will be of benefit not only to students, scientists and regulators working in the field of chemical safety assessment but also to a wider scientific audience.

Toxicity Testing for Assessment of Environmental Agents
Toxicity Testing for Assessment of Environmental Agents

Author: National Research Council

Publisher: National Academies Press

Published: 2006-04-07

Total Pages: 270

ISBN-13: 0309164869

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Toxicity testing in laboratory animals provides much of the information used by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to assess the hazards and risks associated with exposure to environmental agents that might harm public health or the environment. The data are used to establish maximum acceptable concentrations of environmental agents in drinking water, set permissible limits of exposure of workers, define labeling requirements, establish tolerances for pesticides residues on food, and set other kinds of limits on the basis of risk assessment. Because the number of regulations that require toxicity testing is growing, EPA called for a comprehensive review of established and emerging toxicity-testing methods and strategies. This interim report reviews current toxicity-testing methods and strategies and near-term improvements in toxicity-testing approaches proposed by EPA and others. It identifies several recurring themes and questions in the various reports reviewed. The final report will present a long-range vision and strategic plan to advance the practices of toxicity testing and human health assessment of environmental contaminants.

Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century
Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century

Author: National Research Council

Publisher: National Academies Press

Published: 2007-10-05

Total Pages: 217

ISBN-13: 0309109922

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Advances in molecular biology and toxicology are paving the way for major improvements in the evaluation of the hazards posed by the large number of chemicals found at low levels in the environment. The National Research Council was asked by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to review the state of the science and create a far-reaching vision for the future of toxicity testing. The book finds that developing, improving, and validating new laboratory tools based on recent scientific advances could significantly improve our ability to understand the hazards and risks posed by chemicals. This new knowledge would lead to much more informed environmental regulations and dramatically reduce the need for animal testing because the new tests would be based on human cells and cell components. Substantial scientific efforts and resources will be required to leverage these new technologies to realize the vision, but the result will be a more efficient, informative and less costly system for assessing the hazards posed by industrial chemicals and pesticides.

Principles of Toxicology Testing, Second Edition
Principles of Toxicology Testing, Second Edition

Author: Frank A Barile

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 2013-04-02

Total Pages: 368

ISBN-13: 1842145282

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Nationally, toxicology programs have evolved from a traditional exploration of the chemistry and applied toxicity of chemicals and drugs to a more comprehensive study of toxicology and toxicology testing as independent entities. Consequently, the second edition of Principles of Toxicology Testing starts with basic toxicological principles, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of toxins, including chemicals and drugs. The book then continues with animal (in vivo) and in vitro toxicology testing methods associated with toxicological analysis and preclinical drug development. As in the first edition, the book begins with an introduction into the fundamentals of toxicology (Section I) to prepare readers for the subsequent topics and continues through with a discussion of toxicokinetics and human risk assessment. This introductory material is useful in understanding the applications of toxicology testing. Section II describes the fundamental principles of toxicology testing in animals in greater detail. This section describes acute toxicity studies as well as subchronic and chronic studies performed on animals. Special emphasis is placed on study design and determination of classical indicators for acute and chronic testing, such as the LD50. The book examines other short- and long-term animal toxicity testing methodologies, including dermal, ocular, and reproductive toxicity testing. In addition, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity studies are also discussed in separate chapters. Section III introduces and discusses in vitro alternatives to animal toxicology tests. This section emphasizes cell culture methodology and cellular methods for acute systemic toxicity, target organ toxicity, and local toxicity. The contributors present the advantages and disadvantages of alternative methods. They also describe the use of high-throughput screening and its applications, the concepts of standardization and validation of in vitro techniques (especially large, organized validation efforts currently supported by US and EU regulatory agencies), and the theories supporting the development of in vitro methodologies. This second edition is a must-read for undergraduate and graduate toxicology students. Industrial and academic research centers will also find the text useful for establishing a toxicology testing laboratory.

Adverse Effects of Engineered Nanomaterials
Adverse Effects of Engineered Nanomaterials

Author: Bengt Fadeel

Publisher: Academic Press

Published: 2012-01-27

Total Pages: 367

ISBN-13: 0123869404

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An essential reference that discusses occupational exposure and the adverse health effects of engineered nanomaterials and highlights current and future biomedical applications of these nanomaterials in relation to nanosafety.

Drug Testing In Vitro
Drug Testing In Vitro

Author: Uwe Marx

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2007-02-27

Total Pages: 318

ISBN-13: 3527609563

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Here, expert scientists from industry and academia share their knowledge on the assembly of functional human tissues in vitro and how to design drug screenings predictive of human exposure. In so doing, they combine the latest technological developments with strategic outlooks, such as novel cell and tissue systems for drug screening and testing, as well as emerging in vitro culture technologies. Equally importantly, the book does not shy away from regulatory acceptance and ethical issues.

Validation of Alternative Methods for Toxicity Testing
Validation of Alternative Methods for Toxicity Testing

Author: Chantra Eskes

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2016-09-26

Total Pages: 418

ISBN-13: 3319338269

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This book provides information on best practices and new thinking regarding the validation of alternative methods for toxicity testing. It covers the validation of experimental and computational methods and integrated approaches to testing and assessment. Validation strategies are discussed for methods employing the latest technologies such as tissue-on-a-chip systems, stem cells and transcriptomics, and for methods derived from pathway-based concepts in toxicology. Validation of Alternative Methods for Toxicity Testing is divided into two sections, in the first, practical insights are given on the state-of-the-art and on approaches that have resulted in successfully validated and accepted alternative methods. The second section focuses on the evolution of validation principles and practice that are necessary to ensure fit-for-purpose validation that has the greatest impact on international regulatory acceptance of alternative methods. In this context validation needs to keep pace with the considerable scientific advancements being made in toxicology, the availability of sophisticated tools and techniques that can be applied in a variety of ways, and the increasing societal and regulatory demands for better safety assessment. This book will be a useful resource for scientists in the field of toxicology, both from industry and academia, developing new test methods, strategies or techniques, as well as Governmental and regulatory authorities interested in understanding the principles and practicalities of validation of alternative methods for toxicity testing.

Poisonous Plants and Phytochemicals in Drug Discovery
Poisonous Plants and Phytochemicals in Drug Discovery

Author: Andrew G. Mtewa

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2020-12-22

Total Pages: 444

ISBN-13: 1119650232

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Focusing on phytochemicals and their potential for drug discovery, this book offers a comprehensive resource on poisonous plants and their applications in chemistry and in pharmacology. Provides a comprehensive resource on phytotoxins, covering historical perspectives, modern applications, and their potential in drug discovery Covers the mechanisms, benefits, risks and management protocols of phytotoxins in a scientific laboratory and the usefulness in drug discovery Presents chapters in a carefully designed, clear order, making it an ideal resource for the academic researcher or the industry professional at any stage in their career

The Basis of Toxicity Testing
The Basis of Toxicity Testing

Author: Donald J. Ecobichon

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 1997-08-11

Total Pages: 240

ISBN-13: 9780849385544

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This substantially updated edition presents fundamental principles and concepts behind the various types of toxicological studies, and explains how to design and conduct studies and interpret results. The text explains the increasing need to monitor, assess, and reevaluate the toxicity database of many agents and evaluates the place of individual studies in the overall toxicological assessment of a chemical. Concise descriptions of the formats of in vivo and in vitro studies and methods used in assessing endpoints of toxicity make this an essential introduction and guide for anyone who needs to understand or conduct toxicological studies. Reflecting increasing interest in the "Three Rs" (Reducing, Refining, and Replacement of existing animal tests) in recent years, the Second Edition includes much more information on a variety of new alternative testing protocols. Particular attention is given to the new in vitro alternative testing procedures being incorporated into EEC regulations. The text also covers studies required by regulatory agencies around the world.

Functional Foods and Beverages
Functional Foods and Beverages

Author: Nicolas Bordenave

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2018-09-25

Total Pages: 335

ISBN-13: 1118733290

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A much-needed guide to in vitro food functionality evaluation principles, processes, and state-of-the-art modeling There are more than a few books devoted to the assessment of food functionality but, until now, there were no comprehensive guides focusing on the increasingly important subject of in vitro food evaluation. With contributions from the world’s foremost experts in the field, this book brings readers up to speed on the state-of-the-art in in vitro modeling, from its physiological bases to its conception, current uses, and future developments. Food functionality is a broad concept encompassing nutritional and health functionality, food safety and toxicology, as well as a broad range of visual and organoleptic properties of food. In vitro techniques bridge the gap between standard analytical techniques, including chemical and biochemical approaches and in vivo human testing, which remains the ultimate translational goal for evaluation of the functionality of food. Although it is a well- established field, in vitro food testing continues to evolve toward ever more accurate predictions of in vivo properties and outcomes. Both ethical and highly economical, these approaches allow for detailed mechanistic insights into food functionalities and, therefore, a better understanding of the interactions of food and human physiology. Reviews the core concepts of food functionality and functionality evaluation methodologies Provides an overview of the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract, including host-microbial interactions within it Delves into the physiology of sensory perception of food, taste and texture as they relate to in vitro modeling Explores the challenges of linking in vitro analysis of taste, aroma and flavor to their actual perception Addresses in vitro models of the digestion and absorption of macronutrients, micronutrients, and phytonutrients Describes in vitro evaluations of toxicants, allergens and other specific food hazards Functional Foods and Beverages is an indispensable working resource for food scientists as well as researchers working in government facilities dedicated to tracking food safety.