Contrary to the stereotypical images of torture, narcotics and brutal sexual abuse traditionally associated with Ottoman or 'Turkish' prisons, Kent Schull argues that, during the Second Constitutional Period (1908-1918), they played a crucial role in attempts to transform the empire.
The last untold story of the First World War: the fortunes and fates of 170,000 British soldiers captured by the enemy. On capture, British officers and men were routinely told by the Germans 'For you the war is over'. Nothing could be further from the truth. British Prisoners of War merely exchanged one barbed-wire battleground for another. In the camps the war was eternal. There was the war against the German military, fought with everything from taunting humour to outright sabotage, with a literal spanner put in the works of the factories and salt mines prisoners were forced to slave in. British PoWs also fought a valiant war against the conditions in which they were mired. They battled starvation, disease, Prussian cruelties, boredom, and their own inner demons. And, of course, they escaped. Then escaped again. No less than 29 officers at Holzminden camp in 1918 burrowed their way out via a tunnel (dug with a chisel and trowel) in the Great Escape of the Great War. It was war with heart-breaking consequences: more than 12,000 PoWs died, many of them murdered, to be buried in shallow unmarked graves. Using contemporary records - from prisoners' diaries to letters home to poetry - John Lewis-Stempel reveals the death, life and, above all, the glory of Britain's warriors behind the wire. For it was in the PoW camps, far from the blasted trenches, that the true spirit of the Tommy was exemplified.
"أرتشيبولد فوردو مبشّر بريطاني سافر عام 1891 بصحبة زوجته إلى القدس، وتوجهاً منها إلى الكَرَك عاصمة مؤاب في شرقي الأردن، حيث عُيّنا مشرفين على مدرسة للصبيان، وبقي الرجل هناك حتى عام 1897 حيث انتقل إلى القدس. كان حلم فوردر أن يزور جزيرة العرب، وهذا ما حاول القيام به نهاية عام 1899 ولكن من دون جدوى، ثم أخيراً واتته الفرصة لتنفيذ حلمه في ختام عام 1900 فانطلق إلى الجوف بطريق جبل العرب، فوصل بعد رحلة شاقة إلى بلدة كاف ثم قرية إثرة، ومنها توجَه إلى الجوف التي كان يحكمها آنذاك أحد رجال أمير جبل شمّر - وعلى الرغم من أنّ مهمّته التبشيريّة مُنيت بالفشل الذريع، فغنه تبقى لها قيمتها كمهمة إستكشافية، وكوثيقة تاريخية تضمّ رواية حيّة ممتعة، وصف بها أخبار رحلته وعلاقته الشخصية مع البدو وشيوخهم، والمغامرات الخطيرة التي تعرّض لها."
When Politics and Change in AI-Karak, Jordan first appeared in 1985, it was part of a sparse, but growing, literature about intermediate-level politics in the Arab Middle East. A number of works had been written on national politics, focused primarily on the capital and national institutions and figures. A few village studies, which used the discip