Impact of Transition Metal Redox on Next-generation Li-rich Cathodes for Li-ion Batteries
Impact of Transition Metal Redox on Next-generation Li-rich Cathodes for Li-ion Batteries

Author: Michelle Ting

Publisher:

Published: 2021

Total Pages:

ISBN-13:

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"Developments in lithium-ion batteries for energy storage are currently focused on improving energy density, increasing cycle life, and reducing cost to match targets set by the automotive industry. An important class of cathodes known as Li-rich layered oxides is considered promising for next-generation electrode materials. However, a poor understanding of a number of detrimental processes that occur in Ni-containing materials, for which the underlying mechanisms are not clear, has hindered their commercialization. Numerous model systems have been studied in an effort to fully understand the discrete mechanisms taking place during battery operation. Herein, we build upon the previous work on model systems by studying Li-Ni-Sb-O and Li-Ni-Te-O materials to better understand the impact of Ni in this complex class of materials. Using a combination of detailed electrochemical tests, X-ray diffraction, online electrochemical mass spectrometry, X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, we find a stark contrast between the electrochemistry taking place in the bulk of particles as compared to that taking place at the surface. We find that oxidation of oxygen results in reduction of nickel, as was seen previously in Li-Fe-Sb-O, and this has a detrimental impact on the discharge capacity. However, the reductive couple occurs solely at the surface of particles in Ni-containing materials because of mitigated oxygen gas production in these materials. The consequences of this contrast between the surface and the bulk are discussed to guide further development of next-generation electrodes"--

Studies on Anionic Redox in Li-Rich Cathode Materials of Li-Ion Batteries
Studies on Anionic Redox in Li-Rich Cathode Materials of Li-Ion Batteries

Author: Biao Li

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2018-12-13

Total Pages: 124

ISBN-13: 9811328471

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This book presents studies and discussions on anionic redox, which can be used to boost the capacities of cathode electrodes by providing extra electron transfer. This theoretically and practically significant book facilitates the implementation of anionic redox in electrodes for real-world use and accelerates the development of high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries. Lithium-ion batteries, as energy storage systems, are playing a more and more important role in powering modern society. However, their energy density is still limited by the low specific capacity of the cathode electrodes. Based on a profound understanding of band theory, the author has achieved considerable advances in tuning the redox process of lithium-rich electrodes to obtain enhanced electrochemical performance, identifying both the stability mechanism of anionic redox in lithium-rich cathode materials, and its activation mechanism in these electrode systems.

Batteries for Sustainability
Batteries for Sustainability

Author: Ralph J. Brodd

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-12

Total Pages: 513

ISBN-13: 1461457912

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Batteries that can store electricity from solar and wind generation farms are a key component of a sustainable energy strategy. Featuring 15 peer-reviewed entries from the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, this book presents a wide range of battery types and components, from nanocarbons for supercapacitors to lead acid battery systems and technology. Worldwide experts provides a snapshot-in-time of the state-of-the art in battery-related R&D, with a particular focus on rechargeable batteries. Such batteries can store electrical energy generated by renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydropower installations with high efficiency and release it on demand. They are efficient, non-polluting, self-contained devices, and their components can be recovered and used to recreate battery systems. Coverage also highlights the significant efforts currently underway to adapt battery technology to power cars, trucks and buses in order to eliminate pollution from petroleum combustion. Written for an audience of undergraduate and graduate students, researchers, and industry experts, Batteries for Sustainability is an invaluable one-stop reference to this essential area of energy technology.

Advanced Characterization and Modeling of Next Generation Lithium Ion Electrodes and Interfaces
Advanced Characterization and Modeling of Next Generation Lithium Ion Electrodes and Interfaces

Author: Thomas Andrew Wynn

Publisher:

Published: 2020

Total Pages: 136

ISBN-13:

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Lithium ion batteries have proven to be a paradigm shifting technology, enabling high energy density storage to power the handheld device and electric automotive revolutions. However relatively slow progress toward increased energy and power density has been made since the inception of the first functional lithium ion battery. Materials under consideration for next generation lithium ion batteries include anionic-redox-active cathodes, solid state electrolytes, and lithium metal anodes. Li-rich cathodes harness anionic redox, showing increased first charge capacity well beyond the redox capacity of traditional transition metal oxides, though suffer from severe capacity and voltage fade after the first cycle. This is in part attributed to oxygen evolution, driving surface reconstruction. Solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) offer the potential for safer devices, serving as physical barriers for dendrite penetration, while hoping to enable the lithium metal anode. The lithium metal naturally exhibits the highest volumetric energy density of all anode materials. Here, we employ simulation and advanced characterization methodologies to understand the fundamental properties of a variety of next generation lithium ion battery materials and devices leading to their successes or failures. Using density functional theory, the effect of cationic substitution on the propensity for oxygen evolution was explored. Improvement in Li-rich cathode performance is predicted and demonstrated through doping of 4d transition metal Mo. Next, lithium phosphorus oxynitride (LiPON), an SSE utilized in thin film batteries, was explored. LiPON has proven stable cycling against lithium metal anodes, though its stability is poorly understood. RF sputtered thin films of LiPON are examined via spectroscopic computational methods and nuclear magnetic resonance to reveal its atomic structure, ultimately responsible for its success as a thin film solid electrolyte. A new perspective on LiPON is presented, emphasizing its glassy nature and lack of long-range connectivity. Progress toward in situ methodologies for solid-state interfaces is described, and a protocol for FIB-produced nanobatteries is developed. Cryogenic methodologies are applied to a PEO/NCA composite electrode. Cryogenic focused ion beam was shown to preserve polymer structure and morphology, enabling accurate morphological quantification and preserving the crystallinity, as observed via TEM. Last, development of in situ solid-state interface characterization is discussed.

Consequences of Combinatorial Studies of Positive Electrodes for Li-ion Batteries
Consequences of Combinatorial Studies of Positive Electrodes for Li-ion Batteries

Author: Eric McCalla

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2014-04-11

Total Pages: 174

ISBN-13: 3319058495

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Li-Co-Mn-Ni oxides have been of extreme interest as potential positive electrode materials for next generation Li-ion batteries. Though many promising materials have been discovered and studied extensively, much debate remains in the literature about the structures of these materials. There is no consensus as to whether the lithium-rich layered materials are single-phase or form a layered-layered composite on the few nanometer length-scales. Much of this debate came about because no phase diagrams existed to describe these systems under the synthesis conditions used to make electrode materials. Detailed in this thesis are the complete Li-Co-Mn-O and Li-Mn-Ni-O phase diagrams generated by way of the combinatorial synthesis of mg-scale samples at over five hundred compositions characterized with X-ray diffraction. Selected bulk samples were used to confirm that the findings are relevant to synthesis conditions used commercially. The results help resolve a number of points of confusion and contradiction in the literature. Amongst other important findings, the compositions and synthesis conditions giving rise to layered-layered nano-composites are presented and electrochemical results are used to show how better electrode materials can be achieved by making samples in the single phase-layered regions.

Materials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage
Materials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage

Author: Arumugam Manthiram

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2002-01-03

Total Pages: 275

ISBN-13: 1574981358

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This new volume covers the latest developments in the field of electrochemistry. It addresses a variety of topics including new materials development, materials synthesis, processing, characterization, property measurements, structure-property relationships, and device performance. A broader view of various electrochemical energy conversion devices make this book a critical read for scientists and engineers working in related fields. Papers from the symposium at the 102nd Annual Meeting of The American Ceramic Society, April 29-May 3, 2000, Missouri and the 103rd Annual Meeting, April 22-25, 2001, Indiana.

Local Structure-redox Relationship in Li-excess Layered Oxides
Local Structure-redox Relationship in Li-excess Layered Oxides

Author: Kipil Lim

Publisher:

Published: 2019

Total Pages:

ISBN-13:

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In the last decades, lithium-ion batteries (LIB) have significantly contributed to technological progress. Recently, Li-excess layered materials are attracting interest as a promising cathode material for the next generation, since they exhibit high energy densities and capacities significantly higher than commercially available cathode materials. Unlike conventional layered oxides where the only redox center is transition metal cations, an oxygen anion redox in the Li-excess layered material plays an important role to achieve high capacity. However, despite their promising performance, a deeper understanding about the origin and details of anion redox is necessary for commercialization. Understanding the state of the material is crucial as property of material is determined and can be changed by structure. I introduce various X-ray techniques to understand and analyze the structure of Li-excess materials. Rietveld refinement reveals an increase in structural distortion, including antisite defect, in the Li-excess material during anion redox. A strong correlation between structure distortion and anion redox is identified and suggested as a powerful indicator to estimate the existence of anion redox. Not only as an indicator, exact analysis of crystal structure and oxidation state suggest methods to understand the anion redox in Li-excess material. Anion redox can also be tuned by altering composition and crystal structure of Li-excess material. Different amount of Sn substitution in Li1-xIri-ySnyO3 material change the extent of anion redox. Operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy analysis support different electrochemical behaviors. XRD analysis confirmed a distortion in the crystal structure in the existence of oxygen redox. Density functional theory simulation predicts possible local structure as a result of distortion, which suggests multiple ways of oxygen oxidation in different situations. Not only doping for changing oxygen redox properties, changing the synthesis condition affect anion redox strongly. Different annealing temperature and partial oxygen pressure during synthesis do not affect transition metal redox property in Li2RuO3 material. However, difference in synthesis conditions only alters anion redox capacity. I confirm and suggest that crystal structure determine the anion redox property in the Li-excess material, which suggests that we can tune the oxygen redox in various methods, adjust doping or changing synthesis conditions. Over this thesis, systematic analysis of various Li-excess material will be revealed. Study on identifying the structure-property relation is suggested, and methods to control anion redox is verified. This study will suggest powerful and robust direction to understand the origin of anion redox in Li-excess materials. This study will also show a guideline for optimizing properties of cathode materials for next-generation batteries.

Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Author: Christian Julien

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2000-10-31

Total Pages: 658

ISBN-13: 9780792366508

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A lithium-ion battery comprises essentially three components: two intercalation compounds as positive and negative electrodes, separated by an ionic-electronic electrolyte. Each component is discussed in sufficient detail to give the practising engineer an understanding of the subject, providing guidance on the selection of suitable materials in actual applications. Each topic covered is written by an expert, reflecting many years of experience in research and applications. Each topic is provided with an extensive list of references, allowing easy access to further information. Readership: Research students and engineers seeking an expert review. Graduate courses in electrical drives can also be designed around the book by selecting sections for discussion. The coverage and treatment make the book indispensable for the lithium battery community.

Hard X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (HAXPES)
Hard X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (HAXPES)

Author: Joseph Woicik

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2015-12-26

Total Pages: 576

ISBN-13: 3319240439

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This book provides the first complete and up-to-date summary of the state of the art in HAXPES and motivates readers to harness its powerful capabilities in their own research. The chapters are written by experts. They include historical work, modern instrumentation, theory and applications. This book spans from physics to chemistry and materials science and engineering. In consideration of the rapid development of the technique, several chapters include highlights illustrating future opportunities as well.

Na-ion Batteries
Na-ion Batteries

Author:

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2021-05-11

Total Pages: 386

ISBN-13: 1789450136

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This book covers both the fundamental and applied aspects of advanced Na-ion batteries (NIB) which have proven to be a potential challenger to Li-ion batteries. Both the chemistry and design of positive and negative electrode materials are examined. In NIB, the electrolyte is also a crucial part of the batteries and the recent research, showing a possible alternative to classical electrolytes – with the development of ionic liquid-based electrolytes – is also explored. Cycling performance in NIB is also strongly associated with the quality of the electrode-electrolyte interface, where electrolyte degradation takes place; thus, Na-ion Batteries details the recent achievements in furthering knowledge of this interface. Finally, as the ultimate goal is commercialization of this new electrical storage technology, the last chapters are dedicated to the industrial point of view, given by two startup companies, who developed two different NIB chemistries for complementary applications and markets.