How to Monitor Dioxin in the Dairy Chain?
How to Monitor Dioxin in the Dairy Chain?

Author: E.C. Jelsma

Publisher:

Published: 2014

Total Pages: 27

ISBN-13:

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Dioxin and dioxin-like chemicals in food pose a serious threat to human health. The biggest risks of dioxins are the poor degradability and the accumulation over time in fat cells of the human body. Products that contribute the most to human dioxin exposure are products containing animal fat, including dairy products. A dioxin contamination incident within the food supply chain requires a sequence of actions: testing, recalling and destroying the suspected food products, which will add up in costs, both directly and indirectly. Routine monitoring is a way to detect dioxin contamination as early as possible to prevent an incident. A financial impact model is used to calculate the financial consequences of a set of contamination incident scenarios. Based on the average settings of the Dutch consumption milk chain (= baseline), the financial impact equals 8,9 mln Euro a year under the assumption of 1 incident in 5 years. The financial impact is most sensitive to changes in the HRP (High Risk Period); with an increase from 7 to 14 days until detection the financial impact increased more than 3 times. This financial impact is used as a budget constraint for an optimalization model for monitoring systems.

New Methods for Optimizing Monitoring of Aflatoxins and Dioxins in the Food Supply Chain
New Methods for Optimizing Monitoring of Aflatoxins and Dioxins in the Food Supply Chain

Author:

Publisher:

Published: 2021

Total Pages: 196

ISBN-13: 9789463959902

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Dioxins (including DL-PCBs) and aflatoxins, especially aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) are two of the most relevant chemical hazard groups in the dairy (and other) supply chains, due to their occurrence in dairy products and their negative impacts on human health. Food safety monitoring is essential for hazard identification in food chain to guarantee public health, but its application may be limited due to costly analytical methods and inefficient sampling procedures. Recent studies on optimal monitoring schemes for dioxins and AFB1/AFM1 along food supply chains were based on cost-effectiveness analyses. However, several aspects which could affect the cost-effectiveness of monitoring chemical hazards have not yet been explored. For instance, specific sampling strategies, such as random or systematic sampling, at each control point of the food supply chain, adapting the number of samples per product type or per period of the year, given a probability of contamination, could further improve the effectiveness of the monitoring of dioxins and AFB1/AFM1 along the chain. Furthermore, next to the monitoring effectiveness and economic criteria, other criteria like public health, customer trust, and/or the practicality of implementation, could be considered in designing optimal monitoring schemes. To fill the knowledge gaps detailed above, this thesis aimed to develop new methods for optimizing monitoring programs for dioxins and AFB1/AFM1 in food supply chains by taking into account criteria of monitoring costs, production losses, human health, complexity of implementation and customer trust according to stakeholder preferences. Firstly, we compared spatial sampling strategies used in monitoring dioxins along the dairy supply chain to study the cost-effectiveness of monitoring programs. Then a risk based approach was developed to allocate resources for monitoring aflatoxins and dioxins at different control points of dairy supply chain in order to reduce potential impacts on public health. Thirdly, we used Bayesian Network to predict probability of different agricultural products contaminated by dioxins given different conditions, and based on predicted probability, we optimized dioxin monitoring scheme in agricultural products. Lastly, we investigated the optimal chemical monitoring schemes in the dairy chain, evaluated from industry perspective (feed industry and dairy industry as a whole), with considering effectiveness, acceptability and implementation aspects of monitoring scheme. The multicriteria decision making methodology was used to rank alternative strategies of monitoring aflatoxins and dioxins contamination according to the preferences of industries’ experts.

Dioxins and Dioxin-like Compounds in the Food Supply
Dioxins and Dioxin-like Compounds in the Food Supply

Author: Institute of Medicine

Publisher: National Academies Press

Published: 2003-12-21

Total Pages: 341

ISBN-13: 0309089611

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Dioxin and dioxin-like compounds, or DLCs, are found throughout the environment, in soil, water, and air. People are exposed to these unintentional environmental contaminants primarily through the food supply, although at low levels, particularly by eating animal fat in meat, dairy products, and fish. While the amount of DLCs in the environment has declined since the late 1970s, the public continues to be concerned about the safety of the food supply and the potential adverse health effects of DLC exposure, especially in groups such as developing fetuses and infants, who are more sensitive to the toxic effects of these compounds. Dioxins and Dioxin-like Compounds in the Food Supply: Strategies to Decrease Exposure, recommends policy options to reduce exposure to these contaminants while considering how implementing these options could both reduce health risks and affect nutrition, particularly in sensitive and highly exposed groups, if dietary changes are suggested.

Waste Incineration and Public Health
Waste Incineration and Public Health

Author: National Research Council

Publisher: National Academies Press

Published: 2000-10-21

Total Pages: 336

ISBN-13: 030906371X

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Incineration has been used widely for waste disposal, including household, hazardous, and medical wasteâ€"but there is increasing public concern over the benefits of combusting the waste versus the health risk from pollutants emitted during combustion. Waste Incineration and Public Health informs the emerging debate with the most up-to-date information available on incineration, pollution, and human healthâ€"along with expert conclusions and recommendations for further research and improvement of such areas as risk communication. The committee provides details on: Processes involved in incineration and how contaminants are released. Environmental dynamics of contaminants and routes of human exposure. Tools and approaches for assessing possible human health effects. Scientific concerns pertinent to future regulatory actions. The book also examines some of the social, psychological, and economic factors that affect the communities where incineration takes place and addresses the problem of uncertainty and variation in predicting the health effects of incineration processes.

Environmental Medicine
Environmental Medicine

Author: Committee on Curriculum Development in Environmental Medicine

Publisher: National Academies Press

Published: 1995-05-12

Total Pages: 988

ISBN-13: 0309568722

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People are increasingly concerned about potential environmental health hazards and often ask their physicians questions such as: "Is the tap water safe to drink?" "Is it safe to live near power lines?" Unfortunately, physicians often lack the information and training related to environmental health risks needed to answer such questions. This book discusses six competency based learning objectives for all medical school students, discusses the relevance of environmental health to specific courses and clerkships, and demonstrates how to integrate environmental health into the curriculum through published case studies, some of which are included in one of the book's three appendices. Also included is a guide on where to obtain additional information for treatment, referral, and follow-up for diseases with possible environmental and/or occupational origins.

Dioxins and Health
Dioxins and Health

Author: A. Schecter

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2013-11-11

Total Pages: 718

ISBN-13: 1489914625

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This book originated in a series of cross-disciplinary conversations in the years 1984-1990 between the editor, who is a physician-researcher involved in clinical and laboratory research, and a dioxin toxicologist. During the years in which the conversations took place, an extraordinary amount of new scientific literature was published related to dioxins, defined for purposes of this text as the chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, polychlorinated biphe nyls (PCB's) and other compounds that are structurally and toxicologically similar to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7 ,8-TCDD), the most extensively studied and most toxic of this group of chemicals. Dioxins also began to interest not only chemists and toxicologists, but also specialists from diverse disciplines such as wildlife and environmental science, immunology, neuroscience,public health, epidemiology, med icine, government, law, sociology, and journalism. Specialists from such varied disciplines, while familiar with their own literature, frequently did not have time to follow the dioxin literature outside their specialty area. In addition, each specialty had unique knowledge, methods, and perspectives. Cross disciplinary conversation was necessary, but all too frequently, specialists from the various disciplines did not speak the same language, resulting in misunderstanding.

Hormonally Active Agents in the Environment
Hormonally Active Agents in the Environment

Author: National Research Council

Publisher: National Academies Press

Published: 2000-02-03

Total Pages: 453

ISBN-13: 0309064198

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Some investigators have hypothesized that estrogens and other hormonally active agents found in the environment might be involved in breast cancer increases and sperm count declines in humans as well as deformities and reproductive problems seen in wildlife. This book looks in detail at the science behind the ominous prospect of "estrogen mimics" threatening health and well-being, from the level of ecosystems and populations to individual people and animals. The committee identifies research needs and offers specific recommendations to decision-makers. This authoritative volume: Critically evaluates the literature on hormonally active agents in the environment and identifies known and suspected toxicologic mechanisms and effects of fish, wildlife, and humans. Examines whether and how exposure to hormonally active agents occursâ€"in diet, in pharmaceuticals, from industrial releases into the environmentâ€"and why the debate centers on estrogens. Identifies significant uncertainties, limitations of knowledge, and weaknesses in the scientific literature. The book presents a wealth of information and investigates a wide range of examples across the spectrum of life that might be related to these agents.

Soil pollution: a hidden reality
Soil pollution: a hidden reality

Author: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Publisher: Food & Agriculture Org.

Published: 2018-04-30

Total Pages: 156

ISBN-13: 9251305056

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This document presents key messages and the state-of-the-art of soil pollution, its implications on food safety and human health. It aims to set the basis for further discussion during the forthcoming Global Symposium on Soil Pollution (GSOP18), to be held at FAO HQ from May 2nd to 4th 2018. The publication has been reviewed by the Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soil (ITPS) and contributing authors. It addresses scientific evidences on soil pollution and highlights the need to assess the extent of soil pollution globally in order to achieve food safety and sustainable development. This is linked to FAO’s strategic objectives, especially SO1, SO2, SO4 and SO5 because of the crucial role of soils to ensure effective nutrient cycling to produce nutritious and safe food, reduce atmospheric CO2 and N2O concentrations and thus mitigate climate change, develop sustainable soil management practices that enhance agricultural resilience to extreme climate events by reducing soil degradation processes. This document will be a reference material for those interested in learning more about sources and effects of soil pollution.

Harmonizing Methods for the Determination of Dioxins in Food
Harmonizing Methods for the Determination of Dioxins in Food

Author:

Publisher: Nordic Council of Ministers

Published: 2007

Total Pages: 70

ISBN-13: 9289314540

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Methods for sampling and sample treatment as well as the analytical methodology for determination of dioxin and dioxin-like PCBs in food have been discussed and evaluated at 2 workshops with participation from all Nordic countries. It was found that in general the EU regulation and guidelines for sampling and sample treatment appears to fit their purpose although there is a need for better procedures for the sampling of lots containing fishes of different size or weight. Information on the equipment and analytical methods used by the Nordic dioxin laboratories to measure dioxin and dioxin-like PCB in foodstuffs were compiled through a questionnaire. Together the replies are giving an overview of the analytical capacity in the Nordic countries and they demonstrate that the analytical methodology used by the Nordic dioxin laboratories is in good agreement with the EU guidelines and other international standards and recommendations.