Glass-to-Metal Seals

Glass-to-Metal Seals

Author: Ian W. Donald

Publisher: Society of Glass Technology

Published: 2021-10-10

Total Pages: 294

ISBN-13: 9780900682889

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Although many new innovations have been made in the commercial exploitation of glass-to-metal seals and related components, and the science underpinning these systems is now more thoroughly understood, many of the topics covered in Partridge's original monograph on glass-to-metal seals are still highly relevant today. This is particularly true in the areas of underlying technology, including metal and glass preparation prior to sealing, and certain aspects of stress analysis. The original monograph also continues to provide an excellent introduction to the general area of glass-to-metal systems, as well as providing an historical overview of the early work and technology in this area, particularly in relation to archaic electrical components. The primary purpose of this new monograph is to provide a thorough review of glass-to-metal seals, with particular reference to the more recent developments in the scientific, technical and commercial fields. Current applications for glass-to-metal seals are extraordinarily diverse, ranging from the humble, taken-for-granted light bulb to complex aerospace and military components developed within the last few years. New applications also continue to emerge where the unique properties of these systems can be exploited, thus making a monograph of this nature timely. It is therefore also the purpose of this monograph to highlight new and emerging fields which are benefiting from the application of glass-to-metal seal and related technologies. In this respect, the scope of the monograph has been broadened to include the related topic of glass-to-metal coatings, coatings in general having found many applications in areas ranging from domestic paraphernalia to the aerospace industry. In addition, the more recent and highly versatile glass-ceramic-to-metal systems are reviewed, glass-ceramics not, of course, having been invented in Partridge's day. Some of the newer ceramic-to-metal, glass-to-glass, glass-to-ceramic and ceramic-to-ceramic systems are also covered briefly, areas very much in their infancy in 1949.


METAL-TO-CERAMIC SEAL TECHNOLOGY STUDY.

METAL-TO-CERAMIC SEAL TECHNOLOGY STUDY.

Author: S. S COLE (JR.)

Publisher:

Published: 1960

Total Pages: 127

ISBN-13:

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A literature survey on ceramic-to-metal sealing techniques, adherence theory, and allied systems disclosed limited published work and no procedures for achieving ultra-high-strength seals or seals to pure high alumina. Two additional theories were formulated for this study--one proposing the migration of the glass in the ceramic (over) into the metallizing mixture, and the other recognizing the need for promoting metallized sintering. Three sintering temperatures were chosen, depending on composition, for each of the 200 metallizing mixtures. Each mixture was applied to specimens of 94-, 96-, and 99.6-percent alumina. Testing involved a screening technique whereby the most promising compositions were carried through to increasingly refined test techniques (scratch and peel, circumferential seal, and finally tensiles tests). The tensile test specimen was redesigned to eliminate shoulder breaks when evaluating ultra-high-strength seals. Extremely strong seals were developed for all the ceramic bodies considered. A wide variety of sealing compositions was disclosed which produced seals stronger than those previously reported. A method to calculate stresses in ceramic-to-metal seals is theorized. Measurements of the properties of the metal and of residual stresses in seals were made, showing excellent agreement with calculated stresses.


Method of Processing "BPS" Glass Ceramic and Seals Made Therewith

Method of Processing

Author:

Publisher:

Published: 1998

Total Pages:

ISBN-13:

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A glass ceramic composition, a glass ceramic-to-metal seal, and more specifically a hermetic glass ceramic-to-metal seal prepared by subjecting a glass composition comprising, by weight percent, SiO.sub. 2 (65-80%), LiO.sub. 2 (8-16%), Al.sub. 2 O.sub. 3 (2-8%), K.sub. 2 O (1-8%), P.sub. 2 O.sub. 5 (1-5%), B.sub. 2 O.sub. 3 (0.5-7%), and ZnO (0-5%) to the following processing steps: 1) heating the glass composition in a belt furnace to a temperature sufficient to melt the glass and crystallize lithium phosphate, 2) holding at a temperature and for a time sufficient to create cristobalite nuclei, 3) cooling at a controlled rate and to a temperature to cause crystallization of lithium silicates and growth of cristobalite, and 4) still further cooling in stages to ambient temperature. This process produces a glass ceramic whose high coefficient of thermal expansion (up to 200.times. 10.sup.-7 in/in/.degree. C.) permits the fabrication of glass ceramic-to-metal seals, and particularly hermetic glass ceramic seals to nickel-based and stainless steel alloys and copper.


Production of Glass Or Glass-ceramic to Metal Seals with the Application of Pressure

Production of Glass Or Glass-ceramic to Metal Seals with the Application of Pressure

Author:

Publisher:

Published: 1987

Total Pages:

ISBN-13:

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In a process for preparing a glass or glass-ceramic to metal seal comprising contacting the glass with the metal and heat-treating the glass and metal under conditions whereby the glass to metal seal is effected and, optionally, the glass is converted to a glass-ceramic, an improvement comprises carrying out the heat-treating step using hot isostatic pressing.


Glass-Ceramic Technology

Glass-Ceramic Technology

Author: Wolfram Holand

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2019-08-09

Total Pages: 442

ISBN-13: 1119423716

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An updated edition of the essential guide to the technology of glass-ceramic technology Glass-ceramic materials share many properties with both glass and more traditional crystalline ceramics. The revised third edition of Glass-Ceramic Technology offers a comprehensive and updated guide to the various types of glass-ceramic materials, the methods of development, and the myriad applications for glass-ceramics. Written in an easy-to-use format, the book includes an explanation of the new generation of glass-ceramics. The updated third edition explores glass-ceramics new materials and properties and reviews the expanding regions for applying these materials. The new edition contains current information on glass/glass-ceramic forming in general and explores specific systems, crystallization mechanisms and products such as: ion exchange strengthening of glass-ceramics, glass-ceramics for mobile phones, new glass-ceramics for energy, and new glass-ceramics for optical and architectural application. It also contains a new section on dental materials and twofold controlled crystallization. This revised guide: Offers an important new section on glass/glass ceramic forming Includes the fundamentals and the application of nanotechnology as related to glass-ceramic technology Reviews the development of the various types of glass-ceramic materials Covers information on new glass-ceramics with new materials and properties and outlines the opportunities for applying these materials Written for ceramic and materials engineers, managers, and designers in the ceramic and glass industry, the third edition of Glass-Ceramic Technology features new sections on Glass/Glass-Ceramic Forming and new Glass-Ceramics as well as expanded sections on dental materials and twofold controlled crystallization.