High-End Performance with Low-End Hardware

High-End Performance with Low-End Hardware

Author: Christopher Mollén

Publisher: Linköping University Electronic Press

Published: 2019-01-14

Total Pages: 124

ISBN-13: 9176853888

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Massive MIMO (multiple-input–multiple-output) is a multi-antenna technology for cellular wireless communication, where the base station uses a large number of individually controllable antennas to multiplex users spatially. This technology can provide a high spectral efficiency. One of its main challenges is the immense hardware complexity and cost of all the radio chains in the base station. To make massive MIMO commercially viable, inexpensive, low-complexity hardware with low linearity has to be used, which inherently leads to more signal distortion. This thesis investigates how the degenerated linearity of some of the main components—power amplifiers, analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and low-noise amplifiers—affects the performance of the system, with respect to data rate, power consumption and out-of-band radiation. The main results are: Spatial processing can reduce PAR (peak-to-average ratio) of the transmit signals in the downlink to as low as 0B; this, however, does not necessarily reduce power consumption. In environments with isotropic fading, one-bit ADCs lead to a reduction in effective signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) of 4dB in the uplink and four-bit ADCs give a performance close to that of an unquantized system. An analytical expression for the radiation pattern of the distortion from nonlinear power amplifiers is derived. It shows how the distortion is beamformed to some extent, that its gain never is greater than that of the desired signal, and that the gain of the distortion is reduced with a higher number of served users and a higher number of channel taps. Nonlinear low-noise amplifiers give rise to distortion that partly combines coherently and limits the possible SINR. It is concluded that spatial processing with a large number of antennas reduces the impact of hardware distortion in most cases. As long as proper attention is paid to the few sources of coherent distortion, the hardware complexity can be reduced in massive MIMO base stations to overcome the hardware challenge and make massive MIMO commercial reality. Massiv MIMO (eng: multiple-input–multiple-output) är en flerantennsteknologi för cellulär trådlös kommunikation, där basstationen använder ett stort antal individuellt styrbara antenner för att multiplexa användare i rummet. Denna teknologi kan tillhandahålla en hög spektral effektivitet. En av dess främsta utmaningar är den enorma hårdvarukomplexiteten och kostnaden hos basstationens alla radiokedjor. För att massiv MIMO skall bli kommersiellt attraktivt, måste billiga, enkla hårdvarukomponenter med låg linjäritet användas, vilket oundvikligen leder till mer signaldistorsion. Denna avhandling undersöker hur den försämrade linjäriteten hos några av huvudkomponenterna – effektförstärkare, analog-digital-omvandlare (AD-omvandlare) och lågbrusförstärkare – påverkar systemets prestanda, i termer av datatakt, effektförbrukning och utombandsstrålning. Huvudresultaten är: Rumslig signalbehandling kan reducera sändsignalernas toppvärde i nerlänken ända ner till 0dB, vilket dock inte nödvändigtvis minskar effektförbrukningen. I miljöer med isotrop fädning leder enbits-AD-omvandlare till 4dB lägre signal-till-interferens-och-brus-förhållande i upplänken, och fyrabits-AD-omvandlare ger en prestanda nära den ett system utan kvantisering kan uppnå. Ett analytiskt uttryck för strålningsmönstret för distorsionen från icke-linjära effektförstärkare härleds. Det visar hur distorsionen till viss del lobformas, att dess förstärkning aldrig är starkare än förstärkningen för den önskade signalen och att distorsionens förstärkning minskar med ett högre antal betjänade användare och ett högre antal kanaltappar. Icke-linjära lågbrusförstärkare ger upphov distorsion som delvis kombinerar koherent och begränsar det möjliga signal-till-brus-och-interferens-förhållandet. Slutsatsen är att rumslig signalbehandling med ett stort antal antenner reducerar hårdvarudistorsionens inverkan i de flesta fall. Så länge som de få källorna till koherent distorsion ges tillbörlig uppmärksamhet, kan hårdvarukomplexiteten minskas i basstationer för massiv MIMO för att övervinna hårdvaruutmaningen och göra massiv MIMO kommersiell verklighet. ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????——???????????????——?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????


InfoWorld

InfoWorld

Author:

Publisher:

Published: 1998-04-20

Total Pages: 176

ISBN-13:

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InfoWorld is targeted to Senior IT professionals. Content is segmented into Channels and Topic Centers. InfoWorld also celebrates people, companies, and projects.


Minisupercomputers

Minisupercomputers

Author: Architecture Technology Architecture Technology Corpor

Publisher: Elsevier

Published: 2014-06-28

Total Pages: 108

ISBN-13: 1483295540

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Please note this is a Short Discount publication. A new category of product has been developed which needs to be considered by any purchaser of a high performance machine: minisupercomputers. Thoroughly revised and updated this years report compares in–depth, these computers to parallel processors, supercomputers, mainframe, superminicomputers and workstations. With an explosion of manufacturers announcing such computers, the choice and usage of these high performance systems is a key issue for the potential user. As the computer market continues to become more competitive, users continue their search for cost effective solutions to the point that most manufacturers are now providing alternative architectures for consideration by customers. The minisupercomputer technology is an international one with vendors such as BBN, Convex, IPS, AMT, and NCube filling market needs. Thoroughly revised and updated, this year's report is essential reading for any purchaser, or potential purchaser, of a high performance machine. By discussing the rapid increase in the use of minisupercomputers, as well as technology and market size, this report presents all the necessary information for a thorough understanding of these computer systems.


Computerworld

Computerworld

Author:

Publisher:

Published: 1984-09-17

Total Pages: 164

ISBN-13:

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For more than 40 years, Computerworld has been the leading source of technology news and information for IT influencers worldwide. Computerworld's award-winning Web site (Computerworld.com), twice-monthly publication, focused conference series and custom research form the hub of the world's largest global IT media network.


Advances in Computer Graphics Hardware II

Advances in Computer Graphics Hardware II

Author: Alphonsus A.M. Kuijk

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 1988-09-30

Total Pages: 274

ISBN-13: 9783540501091

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The Set Theory and Applications meeting at York University, Ontario, featured both contributed talks and a series of invited lectures on topics central to set theory and to general topology. These proceedings contain a selection of the resulting papers, mostly announcing new unpublished results.


EPIA'89

EPIA'89

Author: Joao P. Martins

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 1989-09-06

Total Pages: 424

ISBN-13: 9783540516651

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Computerworld

Computerworld

Author:

Publisher:

Published: 1991-12-23

Total Pages: 88

ISBN-13:

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For more than 40 years, Computerworld has been the leading source of technology news and information for IT influencers worldwide. Computerworld's award-winning Web site (Computerworld.com), twice-monthly publication, focused conference series and custom research form the hub of the world's largest global IT media network.


Symmetric Cryptography, Volume 2

Symmetric Cryptography, Volume 2

Author: Christina Boura

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2023-11-28

Total Pages: 226

ISBN-13: 1394256310

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Symmetric cryptology is one of the two main branches of cryptology. Its applications are essential and vital in the Information Age, due to the efficiency of its constructions. The scope of this book in two volumes is two-fold. First, it presents the most important ideas that have been used in the design of symmetric primitives, their inner components and their most relevant constructions. Second, it describes and provides insights on the most popular cryptanalysis and proof techniques for analyzing the security of the above algorithms. A selected number of future directions, such as post-quantum security or design of ciphers for modern needs and particular applications, are also discussed. We believe that the two volumes of this work will be of interest to researchers, to master’s and PhD students studying or working in the field of cryptography, as well as to all professionals working in the field of cybersecurity.


Computerworld

Computerworld

Author:

Publisher:

Published: 1978-12-25

Total Pages: 76

ISBN-13:

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For more than 40 years, Computerworld has been the leading source of technology news and information for IT influencers worldwide. Computerworld's award-winning Web site (Computerworld.com), twice-monthly publication, focused conference series and custom research form the hub of the world's largest global IT media network.


Computerworld

Computerworld

Author:

Publisher:

Published: 1993-04-05

Total Pages: 112

ISBN-13:

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For more than 40 years, Computerworld has been the leading source of technology news and information for IT influencers worldwide. Computerworld's award-winning Web site (Computerworld.com), twice-monthly publication, focused conference series and custom research form the hub of the world's largest global IT media network.