This handbook serves scientists and researchers interested in any aspect of spent hydroprocessing catalysts. Its aim is to assist in the analysis and assessment of refined catalyst byproducts and processing options, to determine whether spent catalysts can be processed into productive resources. For non-regenerable spent catalysts, the book takes into consideration both safety and ecological implications of utilizing landfill and other waste options. - Provides comprehensive guidance and assistance to those making decisions on the fate of spent catalysts, radically improving strategic options for refining organisations - Offers solutions that maximize procedural, regulatory, safety, and preparedness benefits - Contains detailed information on hazardous characteristics of spent and regenerated catalysts with deployment recommendations, and acts as a benchmark document for establishing threshold limits of regulated species as well as for developing procedures for handling spent catalysts to ensure environmental acceptance
Handbook of Spent Hydroprocessing Catalysts, Second Edition, covers all aspects of spent hydroprocessing catalysts, both regenerable and non-regenerable. It contains detailed information on hazardous characteristics of spent and regenerated catalysts. The information forms a basis for determining processing options to make decisions on whether spent catalysts can be either reused on refinery site after regeneration or used as the source of new materials. For non-regenerable spent catalysts, attention is paid to safety and ecological implications of utilizing landfill and other waste handling and storage options to ensure environmental acceptance. As such, this handbook can be used as a benchmark document to develop threshold limits of regulated species. - Includes experimental results and testing protocols which serve as a basis for the development of methodologies for the characterization of solid wastes - Presents a database which assists researchers in selecting/designing research projects on spent catalysts, i.e., regeneration vs. rejuvenation and metal reclamation - Provides the environmental laws, acts, and liabilities to raise awareness in safety and health issues in all aspects of spent catalysts - Contains solid waste management procedures specific to hydroprocessing that serve as a model for designing research projects in other solid waste areas
The demand for hydroprocessing catalysts has shown an increasing trend, because of their applications in refining of petroleum and biofuels, in order to comply with strict environmental regulations controlling emissions from transportation vehicles.Transport fuel is dominated by fossil fuels with carbon emission intensive production methods. If we are to move away from these sources, the alternative is to produce liquid fuels from agricultural stocks — crops, crop waste, forestry waste or algae. Converting these feedstocks into high quality fuels is a considerable challenge.By describing the current status in processing agricultural feedstock into high quality liquid transport fuels, the authors set out the means to develop better chemistry and catalysis for the necessary conversion processes. This book offers an intriguing insight into the mechanisms and protocols involved in new hydroprocessing catalysts and processes, and covers the methods for upgrading these liquids to modern transport vehicles suitable for operation in modern gasoline and diesel engines.It provides an introduction to the mechanism of hydroprocessing reactions, application of different metals in hydroprocessing, the effect of catalyst supports, applications in refining new feedstock, renewable fuels standards, the management of spent hydroprocessing catalysts, and hydrogen production.Hydroprocessing Catalysts and Processes will prove useful for both researchers in academe and industry concerned with future fuels development and treatment to produce current and future liquid transport fuels.
Waste management can be problematic. Especially with the emphasis in many countries now being on sustainability, there is a great need for more research on disposal methods. While we have found ways to reduce the volume of waste that needs to disposed. questions remain about the environmental and safety aspects of certain recycled materials and the by-products of waste management activities, current technology improvements, and regulatory and monitoring problems. Featuring papers published at the Sixth International Conference on Waste Management and the Environment, this book contains contributions on the topics such as: Advanced Waste Treatment Technology, Wastewater Treatment; Resources Recovery; Waste Incineration and Gasification; Waste Pre-Treatment; Separation and Transformation; Landfills; Soil and Groundwater Clean-up; Public Awareness; Air Pollution Control; Hazardous Waste, Waste Management; Construction and Demolition Waste Costs; Waste Reduction; Reuse and Recycling, Energy from Waste; Electrical Waste; Rare Metals; Computer Modelling; Methodologies and Practices; Risk Assessment; Nuclear Waste; Environmental Economics Assessment; Laws and Regulations; Biological Treatments; Agricultural Wastes.
The proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Waste Management and the Environment follows on from the success of previous meetings held in Cadiz (2002), Rhodes (2004), Malta (2006), Granada (2008), Tallin (2010) and the New Forest (2012). There is growing awareness of the detrimental effects of current waste disposal and a movement towards greater accountability for effective waste management. Better practices and safer solutions are required. This creates a need for more research on current disposal methods such as landfills, incineration, chemical and effluent treatment as well as recycling, waste incineration, clean technologies, waste monitoring, public and corporate awareness, and general education. Waste Management is one of the key problems of modern society due to the ever expanding volume and complexity of discarded domestic and industrial waste. Unfortunately many of the policies adopted in the past were aimed at short term solutions without due regard to the long term implications on health and the environment, leading in many cases to the need to take difficult and expensive remedial action. The desired direction of waste management is towards sustainable strategies. The approach which has emerged as the most sustainable strategy has been called 3Rs, where reduction, reuse and recycling, in this order, are seen as the best actions. Recently recovery is added as the fourth action (4Rs) applied in order to; for example, recover energy from waste that cannot be classified under the 3Rs. This largely decreases the volume of the waste that needs final disposal. Further steps are required towards improvement of current technologies, increased collaboration between the public, government and private sectors and increased involvement of all stakeholders. Topics covered include: Environmental impact; Reduce, reuse, recycle and recovery (4Rs); Cost and benefits of management options; Waste incineration and gasification; Energy from waste; Industrial waste management; Nuclear and hazardous waste; Agricultural waste; Wastewater; eWaste; Landfill optimization and mining; Remote sensing; Thermal treatment; Emergent pollutants; Environmental remediation; Legislation; Behavioural issues.
Written by a scientist and researcher with more than 25 years of experience in the field, this serves as a complete guide to catalyst activity loss during the hydroprocessing of heavy oils. Explores the physical and chemical properties of heavy oils and hydroprocessing catalysts; the mechanisms of catalyst deactivation; catalyst characterization by a variety of techniques and reaction conditions; laboratory and commercial information for model validations; and more Demonstrates how to develop correlations and models for a variety of reaction scales with step-by-step descriptions and detailed experimental data Contains important implications for increasing operational efficiencies within the petroleum industry An essential reference for professionals and researchers working in the refining industry as well as students taking courses on chemical reaction engineering
Containing the proceedings from the 9th International Conference on Waste Management and the Environment, this book is a collection of research on current waste disposal methods, as well as highlighting better practices and safer solutions for the future. Waste Management is one of the key problems of modern society due to the ever-expanding volume and complexity of discarded domestic and industrial waste. Society is increasingly aware of the need to establish better practices and safer solutions for waste disposal. This requires further investigation into disposal methods and recycling as well as new technologies to monitor landfills, industrial mining wastes and chemical and nuclear repositories. This creates a need for more research on current disposal methods such as landfills, incineration, chemical and effluent treatment, as well as recycling, clean technologies, waste monitoring, public and corporate awareness and general education. The papers contained in this title form a collective record of scientific information and work on the current situation of waste management amongst professionals, researchers, government departments and local authorities.
Presents detailed information and study cases on experiments on hydrotreating catalysts for the petroleum industry Catalytic hydrotreating (HDT) is a process used in the petroleum refining industry for upgrading hydrocarbon streams—removing impurities, eliminating metals, converting asphaltene molecules, and hydrocracking heavy fractions. The major applications of HDT in refinery operations include feed pretreatment for conversion processes, post-hydrotreating distillates, and upgrading heavy crude oils. Designing HDT processes and catalysts for successful commercial application requires experimental studies based on appropriate methodologies. Experimental Methods for Evaluation of Hydrotreating Catalysts provides detailed descriptions of experiments in different reaction scales for studying the hydrotreating of various petroleum distillates. Emphasizing step-by-step methodologies in each level of experimentation, this comprehensive volume presents numerous examples of evaluation methods, operating conditions, reactor and catalyst types, and process configurations. In-depth chapters describe experimental setup and procedure, analytical methods, calculations, testing and characterization of catalyst and liquid products, and interpretation of experiment data and results. The text describes experimental procedure at different levels of experimentation—glass reactor, batch reactor, continuous stirred tank reactor, and multiple scales of tubular reactors—using model compounds, middle distillates and heavy oil. This authoritative volume: Introduces experimental setups used for conducting research studies, such as type of operation, selection of reactor, and analysis of products Features examples focused on the evaluation of different reaction parameters and catalysts with a variety of petroleum feedstocks Provides experimental data collected from different reaction scales Includes experiments for determining mass transfer limitations and deviation from ideality of flow pattern Presents contributions from leading scientists and researchers in the field of petroleum refining Experimental Methods for Evaluation of Hydrotreating Catalysts is an indispensable reference for researchers and professionals working in the area of catalytic hydrotreating, as well as an ideal textbook for courses in fields such as chemical engineering, petrochemical engineering, and biotechnology.
Waste Management and the Environment VIII contains papers present at the 8th International Conference on Waste Management and the Environment, organised every two years by the Wessex Institute. The contents were contributed by professionals, researchers, government departments and local authorities and cover the current situation of waste management. Waste Management is one of the key problems of modern society due to the ever-expanding volume and complexity of discarded domestic and industrial waste. There is a need to establish better practices and safer solutions for waste disposal. This requires further investigation into disposal methods and recycling, as well as new technologies to monitor waste disposal sites, clean technologies, waste monitoring, public and corporate awareness and general education. Unfortunately many of the policies adopted in the past were aimed at short-term solutions without regard to the long-term implications on health and the environment, leading in many cases to the need to take difficult and expensive remedial action. The development of sustainable strategies is the preferred trend for Waste Management. The approach which has emerged as the most promising has been called 4Rs, where reduction, reuse, recycling and recovery (including the sale of waste as Secondary Raw Materials (SRM) and of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF)) are seen as the best actions. This largely decreases the volume of waste that needs final disposal. Contents cover such topics as: Environmental impact; Reduce, reuse, recycle and recovery (4Rs); Waste incineration and gasification; Energy from waste; Industrial waste management; Hazardous waste; Agricultural waste; Wastewater; eWaste; Landfill optimisation and mining; Remote sensing; Thermal treatment; Emergent pollutants; Environmental remediation; Direct and indirect pre-treatment of MSW; Disposal of high-level radioactive waste; Legislation; Behavioural issues.
This book discusses the recent advances in the wastes recycling technologies to provide low-cost and alternative ways for nanomaterials production. It shows how carbon nanomaterials can be synthesized from different waste sources such as banana fibers, argan (Argania spinosa) seed shells, corn grains, camellia oleifera shell, sugar cane bagasse, oil palm (empty fruit bunches and leaves) and palm kernel shells. Several nanostructured metal oxides (MnO2, Co3O4,....) can be synthesized via recycling of spent batteries. The recovered nanomaterials can be applied in many applications including: Energy (supercapacitors, solar cells, etc.) water treatments (heavy metal ions and dyes removal) and other applications. Spent battery and agriculture waste are rich precursors for metals and carbon, respectively. The book also explores the various recycling techniques, agriculture waste recycling, batteries recycling, and different applications of the recycled materials.
