This volume of the IARC Monographs provides evaluations of the carcinogenicity of some organophosphate insecticides and herbicides, including diazinon, glyphosate, malathion, parathion, and tetrachlorvinphos. Diazinon acts on a wide range of insects on crops, gardens, livestock, and pets, but most uses have been restricted in the USA, Canada, and the European Union since the 1980s. Glyphosate is the most heavily used agricultural and residential herbicide in the world, and has been detected in soil, air, surface water, and groundwater, as well as in food. Malathion is one of the oldest and most widely used organophosphate insecticides, and has a broad spectrum of applications in agriculture and public health, notably mosquito control. The insecticide parathion has been largely banned or restricted throughout the world due to toxicity to wildlife and humans. Tetrachlorvinphos is banned in the European Union, but continues to be used in the USA and elsewhere as an insecticide on animals, including in pet flea collars. The IARC Monographs Working Group reviewed epidemiological evidence, animal bioassays, and mechanistic and other relevant data to reach conclusions as to the carcinogenic hazard to humans of these agents.
Named a “Best Book of the Year” by Kirkus Reviews “Urgent and eye-opening, the book serves as a loud-and-clear alarm.”―The Boston Globe Named an "Outstanding Academic Title" by Choice From an MIT scientist, mounting evidence that the active ingredient in the world’s most commonly used weedkiller is contributing to skyrocketing rates of chronic disease. Glyphosate is the active ingredient in Roundup, the most commonly used weedkiller in the world. Over 300 million pounds of glyphosate-based herbicide are sprayed on farms―and food―every year. Agrochemical companies claim that glyphosate is safe for humans, animals, and the environment. But emerging scientific research on glyphosate’s deadly disruption of the gut microbiome, its crippling effect on protein synthesis, and its impact on the body’s ability to use and transport sulfur―not to mention several landmark legal cases―tells a very different story. In Toxic Legacy, senior research scientist Stephanie Seneff, PhD, delivers compelling evidence based on countless published, peer-reviewed studies―all in frank, illuminating, and always accessible language. As Rachel Carson did with DDT in the 1960’s with Silent Spring, Seneff sounds the alarm on glyphosate, giving you guidance on simple changes you can make right now and essential information you need to protect your health, your family’s health, and the planet on which we all depend. “A game-changer that we would be foolish to ignore.”―Kirkus Reviews (starred) “Toxic Legacy will stand shoulder to shoulder with Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring. [This is] unquestionably, one of the most important books of our time.”―David Perlmutter, MD, #1 New York Times bestselling author of Grain Brain “Dr. Seneff’s work will change the way we all think about food.”―Mark Hyman, MD, New York Times bestselling author
New technologies are becoming available for managing glyphosate resistant (GR) weeds and reducing their spread. GR crop technology has revolutionized crop production in the developed world and the benefits are gradually spilling over to the developing world. In order to sustain an effective, environmentally safe herbicide such as glyphosate and the GR crop technology well in to the future, it is imperative that the issue of GR weeds be comprehensively understood. This book provides such an essential, up-to-date source of information on glyphosate resistance for researchers, extension workers, land managers, government personnel, and other decision makers. Provides comprehensive coverage of the intensely studied topic of glyphosate resistant (GR) in crops Details the development of glyphosate resistance and how to detect and manage the problem in crops Helps standardize global approaches to glyphosate resistance Encompasses interdisciplinary approaches in chemistry, weed science, biochemistry, plant physiology, plant biotechnology, genetics, ecology Includes a chapter on economic analysis of GR impact on crops
Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide in the world for post-emergence weed control. Given the wide spectrum of control and agronomic efficacy of this herbicide associated with the increase in the cultivation of genetically modified crops resistant to glyphosate, it is very important to understand the behavior and fate of this chemical product in the environment. Glyphosate should be used sustainably to reduce environmental impact, and this subject is covered in this book.
Chemical herbicides are widely used in food production throughout the world. At the present time, they represent approximately 40% of chemical products sales, followed by insecticides, fungicides, and other types of pesticides. Among these products, commercial formulations based on N-phosphonomethyl-glycine (PMG), commonly known as glyphosate, are the most used worldwide. Such herbicidal formulations play a key role in promoting crop yields. In Glyphosate: Chemistry, Uses and Safety Concerns review information on the presence of glyphosate-based herbicides in the environment, their potentially harmful effects, their influence on soil microbial communities and their capacity to adsorb to clay particles (which affects their environmental availability).The objective of the following work was to investigate the best way to achieve slow release of glyphosate using layered double hydroxides (LDHs) to minimize the environmental impacts of this herbicide. LDHs are also called anionic clays because they can host negatively charged species between their layers. They are best stabilized by anions with high charge density, such as carbonate. Understanding the release dynamics of glyphosate in homogeneous solutions of anions that are commonly found in the soil is important, since many crops require prior soil correction, altering the pH and also the availability of anions.In one study, the chelating capacity, coordination modes and structural chemistry of glyphosate with Ni (II) cations were investigated in solution and in the solid state. Glyphosate was purified from commercial Roundup WG (Monsanto), and characterized by 31P NMR, FTIR and melting point. The nickel complexes were prepared from Ni(NO3)2 solutions at pH = 8.0 and 4.0, and characterized by solid-state infrared spectroscopy (4000-150 cm-1) and elemental analysis (CHN). The solids were also studied by thermal analysis and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) using synchrotron radiation (LNLS, Brazil).Studies show that glyphosate has an oral absorption of 20 to 40% and is considered to be of low toxicity to mammals; however, recent research has shown that it can induce serious damage to mammalian cells. The authors examine suggested mechanisms of toxicity, including the blocking of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, inhibition of cytochrome p450 activity, inhibition of intestinal arylhydrocarbohydroxylase activity, changes in glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, DNA damage, hormonal changes, channel openings of calcium, and neurotoxicity involving NMDA receptor activation.The widespread and frequent use of glyphosate has increased concern about potential adverse effects on human health. Due to more stringent legislation on wastewater discharge and purity of drinking water, the authors discuss the development of an effective remediation technology for the decontamination of glyphosate. Although glyphosate residues can efficiently be removed by advanced technologies, the treatments are usually expensive and difficult to maintain. Therefore, different methods and options should be considered.
Lee Johnson was a man with simple dreams. All he wanted was a steady job and a nice home for his wife and children, something better than the hard life he knew growing up. He never imagined that he would become the face of a David-and-Goliath showdown against one of the world’s most powerful corporate giants. But a workplace accident left Lee doused in a toxic chemical and facing a deadly cancer that turned his life upside down. In 2018, the world watched as Lee was thrust to the forefront of one the most dramatic legal battles in recent history. The Monsanto Papers is the inside story of Lee Johnson’s landmark lawsuit against Monsanto. For Lee, the case was a race against the clock, with doctors predicting he wouldn’t survive long enough to take the witness stand. For the eclectic band of young, ambitious lawyers representing him, it was a matter of professional pride and personal risk, with millions of dollars and hard-earned reputations on the line. For the public at large, the lawsuit presented a question of corporate accountability. With enough money and influence, could a company endanger its customers, hide evidence, manipulate regulators, and get away with it all—for decades? Readers will be astounded by the depth of corruption uncovered, captivated by the shocking twists, and moved by Lee’s quiet determination to see justice served. With gripping narrative force that reads like fiction, The Monsanto Papers takes readers behind the scenes of a grueling legal battle, pulling back the curtain on the frailties of the American court system and the lengths to which lawyers will go to fight corporate wrongdoing.
Glyphosate is a popular global post-emergent perennial herbicide. This volume is a comprehensive review of glyphosate's history, properties, chemistry, biology, formulation, technology, enzymology, and structure/activity relationship. The discussion covers glyphosate's unique environmental properties, broad range of application, soil inactivity, soil and plant metabolism, low toxicity, and uptake and transport in plants. It also covers the syntheses of hundreds of analogs and derivatives and clarifies glyphosate's molecular mode of action and its effect on the target enzyme EPSP synthase.
Handbook of Soybean Insect Pests is the first book in a new series from the Entomological Society of America that examines pest management from all angles—magnifying practical field strategies for growers—and updates growers on the latest protection techniques—preventing needless crop loss as a result of outdated pest control procedures. Edited by Leon G. Higley and David J. Boethel, this book outlines fundamental approaches to soybean pest management that can aid in reducing crop damage and loss. It provides detailed descriptions of topics such as insect identification, life-history data, and management options. This comprehensive guide includes discussions on soybean ecology and physiology, soybean insect pests, predators and parasitoids, soybean pest management procedures, noninsect soybean pests, and insect management. Also included are 92 color photographs, 200 illustrations, a directory of resources for obtaining local information, and a glossary.
This edited book, Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals, is intended to provide an overview of toxicology that examines the hazardous effects of common agrochemicals employed every day in our agricultural practices. Furthermore, it is hoped that the information in the present book will be of value to those directly engaged in the handling and use of agrochemicals and that this book will continue to meet the expectations and needs of all interested in the different aspects of human and environmental risk toxicities.
