Taking Scope
Taking Scope

Author: Mark Steedman

Publisher: MIT Press

Published: 2012

Total Pages: 325

ISBN-13: 0262017075

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A novel view of the syntax and semantics of quantifier scope that argues for a "combinatory" theory of natural language syntax. In Taking Scope, Mark Steedman considers the syntax and semantics of quantifier scope in interaction with negation, polarity, coordination, and pronominal binding, among other constructions. The semantics is "surface compositional," in that there is a direct correspondence between syntactic types and operations of composition and types and compositions at the level of logical form. In that sense, the semantics is in the "natural logic" tradition of Aristotle, Leibniz, Frege, Russell, and others who sought to define a psychologically real logic directly reflecting natural language grammar. The book reunites the generative-transformational tradition initiated by Chomsky--which views the formal syntactic component as entirely autonomous---with the older, strongly lexicalist, construction-based tradition, which has sought to define a more lingistically transparent theory of meaning representation. Steedman offers a logical formalism that relates directly to the surface form of language and to the process of inference and proof that it must support. Such a natural logic, although formal by definition, should be allowed to grow organically from attested language phenomena rather than be axiomatized a priori in terms of any standard logic. Steedman also considers the application of natural semantic interpretations to practical natural language processing tasks, emphasizing throughout the elimination of traditional quantifiers from semantic formalism in favor of devices such as Skolem terms and structure-sharing among representations in processing.

The Popper-Carnap Controversy
The Popper-Carnap Controversy

Author: Alex C. Michalos

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 131

ISBN-13: 9401030480

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1 In 1954 Karl Popper published an article attempting to show that the identification of the quantitative concept degree of confirmation with the quantitative concept degree of probability is a serious error. The error was presumably committed by J. M. Keynes, H. Reichen bach and R. Carnap. 2 It was Popper's intention then, to expose the error and to introduce an explicatum for the prescientific concept of degree of confirmation. A few months later Y. Bar-Hillel published an article attempting to show that no serious error had been committed (particularly by Carnap) and that the problem introduced by Popper was simply a "verbal one. "3 Popper replied immediately that "Dr. Bar-Hillel forces me [Popper] now to criticize Carnap's theory further," and he [Popper] introduced further objections which, if accepted, destroy Carnap's theory. 4 About eight years after this exchange took place I was in graduate school at the University of Chicago in search of a topic for a doctoral dissertation. An investigation of the issues involved in this exchange seemed to be ideal for me because I had (and still have) a great ad miration for the work of both Carnap and Popper. A thoroughly revised and I hope improved account of that investigation appears in the first five chapters of this book. Put very briefly, what I found were four main points of contention.

Machines like Us
Machines like Us

Author: Ronald J. Brachman

Publisher: MIT Press

Published: 2023-10-17

Total Pages: 319

ISBN-13: 0262547325

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How we can create artificial intelligence with broad, robust common sense rather than narrow, specialized expertise. It’s sometime in the not-so-distant future, and you send your fully autonomous self-driving car to the store to pick up your grocery order. The car is endowed with as much capability as an artificial intelligence agent can have, programmed to drive better than you do. But when the car encounters a traffic light stuck on red, it just sits there—indefinitely. Its obstacle-avoidance, lane-following, and route-calculation capacities are all irrelevant; it fails to act because it lacks the common sense of a human driver, who would quickly figure out what’s happening and find a workaround. In Machines like Us, Ron Brachman and Hector Levesque—both leading experts in AI—consider what it would take to create machines with common sense rather than just the specialized expertise of today’s AI systems. Using the stuck traffic light and other relatable examples, Brachman and Levesque offer an accessible account of how common sense might be built into a machine. They analyze common sense in humans, explain how AI over the years has focused mainly on expertise, and suggest ways to endow an AI system with both common sense and effective reasoning. Finally, they consider the critical issue of how we can trust an autonomous machine to make decisions, identifying two fundamental requirements for trustworthy autonomous AI systems: having reasons for doing what they do, and being able to accept advice. Both in the end are dependent on having common sense.

Village Wooing
Village Wooing

Author: George Bernard Shaw

Publisher: DigiCat

Published: 2022-09-15

Total Pages: 39

ISBN-13:

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'Village Wooing, A Comedietta for Two Voices' is a play by George Bernard Shaw. It has only two characters, hence the subtitle "a comedietta for two voices". The first scene takes place aboard a liner, the second in a village shop. The characters are known only as "A" and "Z".

The Complete Works
The Complete Works

Author: George Bernard Shaw

Publisher: DigiCat

Published: 2022-05-17

Total Pages: 6378

ISBN-13:

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DigiCat Publishing presents to you this meticulously edited George Bernard Shaw collection:_x000D_ Introduction:_x000D_ Mr. Bernard Shaw (by G. K. Chesterton)_x000D_ Novels:_x000D_ Cashel Byron's Profession _x000D_ An Unsocial Socialist _x000D_ Love Among The Artists _x000D_ The Irrational Knot _x000D_ Plays:_x000D_ Plays Unpleasant:_x000D_ Widowers' Houses (1892)_x000D_ The Philanderer (1898)_x000D_ Mrs. Warren's Profession (1898)_x000D_ Plays Pleasant:_x000D_ Arms And The Man: An Anti-Romantic Comedy in Three Acts (1894)_x000D_ Candida (1898)_x000D_ You Never Can Tell (1897)_x000D_ Three Plays for Puritans:_x000D_ The Devil's Disciple _x000D_ Caesar And Cleopatra_x000D_ Captain Brassbound's Conversion _x000D_ Other Plays:_x000D_ The Man Of Destiny _x000D_ The Gadfly Or The Son of the Cardinal _x000D_ The Admirable Bashville Or Constancy Unrewarded _x000D_ Man And Superman: A Comedy and A Philosophy _x000D_ John Bull's Other Island _x000D_ How He Lied To Her Husband _x000D_ Major Barbara _x000D_ Passion, Poison, And Petrifaction _x000D_ The Doctor's Dilemma: A Tragedy _x000D_ The Interlude At The Playhouse _x000D_ Getting Married _x000D_ The Shewing-Up Of Blanco Posnet _x000D_ Press Cuttings _x000D_ Misalliance _x000D_ The Dark Lady Of The Sonnets _x000D_ Fanny's First Play _x000D_ Androcles And The Lion _x000D_ Overruled: A Demonstration _x000D_ Pygmalion _x000D_ Great Catherine (Whom Glory Still Adores) _x000D_ The Music Cure _x000D_ Beauty's Duty (Unfinished) _x000D_ O'Flaherty, V. C. _x000D_ The Inca Of Perusalem: An Almost Historical Comedietta _x000D_ Augustus Does His Bit _x000D_ Skit For The Tiptaft Revue _x000D_ Annajanska, The Bolshevik Empress _x000D_ Heartbreak House _x000D_ Back To Methuselah: A Metabiological Pentateuch _x000D_ In the Beginning_x000D_ The Gospel of the Brothers Barnabas_x000D_ The Thing Happens_x000D_ Tragedy of an Elderly Gentleman_x000D_ As Far as Thought Can Reach_x000D_ The War Indemnities (Unfinished)_x000D_ Saint Joan _x000D_ The Glimpse Of Reality: A Tragedietta _x000D_ Fascinating Foundling: Disgrace To The Author _x000D_ The Apple Cart: A Political Extravaganza _x000D_ Too True to Be Good _x000D_ Village Wooing: A Comedietta for Two Voices _x000D_ On the Rocks: A Political Comedy _x000D_ The Simpleton of the Unexpected Isles _x000D_ The Six of Calais _x000D_ Arthur and the Acetone _x000D_ The Millionairess _x000D_ Cymbeline Refinished: A Variation on Shakespeare's Ending _x000D_ Geneva _x000D_ "In Good King Charles' Golden Days" _x000D_ Playlet on the British Party System _x000D_ Buoyant Billions: A Comedy of No Manners _x000D_ Shakes versus Shav _x000D_ Farfetched Fables _x000D_ Why She Would Not _x000D_ Miscellaneous Works:_x000D_ What do Men of Letters Say? - The New York Times Articles on War (1915):_x000D_ "Common Sense About the War" by G. B. Shaw_x000D_ "Shaw's Nonsense About Belgium" By Arnold Bennett_x000D_ "Bennett States the German Case" by G. B. Shaw_x000D_ Flaws in Shaw's Logic By Cunninghame Graham_x000D_ Editorial Comment on Shaw By The New York World_x000D_ Comment by Readers of Shaw To the Editor of The New York Times_x000D_ Open Letter to President Wilson by G. B. Shaw_x000D_ A German Letter to G. Bernard Shaw By Herbert Eulenberg_x000D_ "Mr. G.

Readings in the Philosophy of Language
Readings in the Philosophy of Language

Author: Peter Ludlow

Publisher: MIT Press

Published: 1997

Total Pages: 1108

ISBN-13: 9780262621144

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A central theme of this collection is that the philosophy of language, at least a core portion of it, has matured to the point where it is now being spun off into linguistic theory.

The Complete Works of George Bernard Shaw
The Complete Works of George Bernard Shaw

Author: George Bernard Shaw

Publisher: Good Press

Published: 2023-12-16

Total Pages: 6382

ISBN-13:

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George Bernard Shaw's 'The Complete Works of George Bernard Shaw' is a compendium encompassing the playwright's entire body of work, including his famous plays, essays, and literary criticisms. Shaw's writing style is characterized by witty dialogue, sharp satire, and social commentary, making his works both thought-provoking and entertaining. This collection provides readers with a glimpse into Shaw's insightful observations on society, politics, and human nature during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The variety of genres represented in this compilation showcases Shaw's versatility as a writer and thinker, cementing his legacy as one of the most influential literary figures of his time. George Bernard Shaw's writings continue to be studied and celebrated for their enduring relevance and timeless insights into the complexities of the human experience. Fans of classic literature, theater enthusiasts, and readers interested in thought-provoking works will find 'The Complete Works of George Bernard Shaw' a valuable addition to their library.

THE AFTERGLOW OF SUNSET
THE AFTERGLOW OF SUNSET

Author: GAO HUAIFEI

Publisher: American Academic Press

Published: 2017-04-18

Total Pages: 256

ISBN-13: 1631818287

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He was that naive boy like humble slope grass or a carefree little fish in the stream in the little mountain village which was isolated from the outside world of civilization then. Then he was suddenly brought into a curious city in the north of China by his father. Everything around him became a wonder and mystery. So he turned to be another silly boy who would like to sit alone by the city street to enjoy the passing automobiles. In a couple of years he learned to fend for himself while his father was out of town because of his work; a real home alone. During the following years of his growing-up, he also witnessed the breathtaking changes of his home nation as well as of his own life. For him happiness was actually ephemeral while emotional suffering had to be recuperated by the elapsing of time. This is what he learned from his experience: Never to be afraid of being shrouded in the darkness! He was always fascinated by the brilliant and mysterious clouds that were aflame in the sunset. Why? Because there would always be new hope beyond the afterglow of sunset.