Gender Equality in the Labor Market in Cambodia
Gender Equality in the Labor Market in Cambodia

Author: Asian Development Bank

Publisher:

Published: 2013-12

Total Pages: 88

ISBN-13: 9789292544010

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This report analyzes gender equality in the labor market and related policies and legislation in Cambodia, and concludes with recommendations to promote gender equality. Despite a decline in the gender gap in human capital, the gender gap in productive and decent work persists in Cambodia. The gender employment gap has a profound and compounding effect on women in the labor market, not only because they are subject to the deficits of less available work, more vulnerable work, and the unpaid work burden, but also because they are paid at a lower rate than men even when they do find work. The main constraints on women in the labor market are domestic work and care burdens, and women's more limited access to resources, including education, training, government services, credit, and financial services. Women also face pervasive discrimination and lack of social protection in most aspects of their employment and work. Cambodia faces the task of generating employment growth, reducing vulnerable employment, and improving decent work opportunities. This will require broad macroeconomic responses to expand employment opportunities, as well as policies and legislation to improve decent work, social protection, and active labor market support for men and women alike.

Promoting Women's Economic Empowerment in Cambodia
Promoting Women's Economic Empowerment in Cambodia

Author: Asian Development Bank

Publisher: Asian Development Bank

Published: 2015-03-01

Total Pages: 177

ISBN-13: 9292548883

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Women's economic empowerment is essential for more inclusive growth in Cambodia. This study takes stock of major gender issues in the Cambodian economy seen through the lens of women's participation, benefit, and agency---the three prerequisites for a fairer distribution of growth benefits. It examines labor market trends and obstacles to women's economic empowerment---particularly in agriculture, business development, and wage employment. Labor migration and vulnerability to shocks are highlighted as special themes. The study makes a series of policy recommendations, identifies areas for further research, and highlights how Asian Development Bank investments can promote women's economic empowerment.

Gender Equality and the Labor Market
Gender Equality and the Labor Market

Author: Asian Development Bank

Publisher:

Published: 2013

Total Pages: 123

ISBN-13: 9789292543617

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This report comprises a gendered analysis of labor markets, policies, and legislation in Cambodia, Kazakhstan, and the Philippines. It provides policy recommendations that may expand work opportunities for women in specific sectors. Increasing job opportunities and decent work for women are essential for inclusive growth, and they are vital for advancing economic and social development in a country. This approach to attaining economic and social wealth is based on reliable academic and statistical evidence and is increasingly accepted by international and national financial and development organizations across the globe. In Asia, mostly women continue to experience the greatest disadvantages resulting from gender inequalities and entrenched discrimination in work and in life. The economic and social contributions made by women in the family, the workplace, and society tend to be devalued. There are, however, many strategies which have been developed to counter gender discrimination and promote equality for working men and women through legislation and social and economic policies to reverse the unequal labor market outcomes for women. To document the nature and extent of gender inequalities in the labor market, as well as to capture and share these promising initiatives, ADB initiated studies in three countries - Cambodia, Kazakhstan, and the Philippines - to identify how these countries promote gender equality in their labor markets. This report comprises a gendered analysis of labor markets, policies, and legislation in each country and provides recommendations for legislation and policies that have the potential to expand or improve employment and work opportunities for women in specific sectors.

Can Labor Provisions in Trade Agreements Promote Gender Equality? Empirical Evidence from Cambodia
Can Labor Provisions in Trade Agreements Promote Gender Equality? Empirical Evidence from Cambodia

Author: Elva López Mourelo

Publisher:

Published: 2018

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13:

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In recent years, an increasing number of regional and bilateral trade agreements have emerged that include provisions on labor standards. The claimed purpose of these labor provisions is to improve working conditions in developing and emerging economies. However, little is known about whether such provisions actually do impact working conditions. This paper conducts an econometric study on the effectiveness of labor provisions in trade agreements. In particular, we evaluate the impact of the 1999 Bilateral Textile Agreement between Cambodia and the United States (CUSBTA) on both the gender wage gap and discrimination. The agreement combined the incentive of higher exports with the obligation of textile manufacturers to comply with international core labor standards, which include the elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation. Using data from the Cambodia Socioeconomic Survey and applying a difference-in-difference estimation, we find a statistically significant reduction of the gender wage gap in the textile sector that can be attributed to the CUSBTA.

Gender Equality in the Labor Market in the Philippines
Gender Equality in the Labor Market in the Philippines

Author: Asian Development Bank

Publisher:

Published: 2013-12

Total Pages: 88

ISBN-13: 9789292544034

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This report analyzes gender equality in the labor market and related policies and legislation in the Philippines, and concludes with recommendations to promote gender equality. Key mechanisms for attaining inclusive growth for women requires expanding employment opportunities and decent work outcomes for women to promote gender equality in labor markets. Economic growth in the Philippines, however, has not translated into sufficient employment growth and the employment growth has not been inclusive for women. Generally speaking, there has been little improvement in gender equality in the labor market, as measured by the share of women in waged employment in the nonagriculture sector. In the Philippines, the estimated proportion of women's annual earnings to men's annual earnings stands at less than 60%. However, employment growth alone is not sufficient to judge whether there is inclusive growth, especially in low-income countries where there is significant underemployment and a large informal employment sector. Gender inequality in the labor market is ascertained here by reference to seven gender gaps (or deficits for women): labor force participation, human capital, the unpaid domestic and care work burden, vulnerable employment, wage employment, decent work, and social protection. Despite a variety of gender-responsive legal and policy initiatives, an assessment of the labor market in the Philippines reveals that although some gender gaps have been reduced, women still suffer from persistent gender deficits.

Action-oriented Research on Gender Equality and the Working and Living Conditions of Garment Factory Workers in Cambodia
Action-oriented Research on Gender Equality and the Working and Living Conditions of Garment Factory Workers in Cambodia

Author:

Publisher:

Published: 2012

Total Pages: 214

ISBN-13: 9789228268423

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Examines the working and living conditions of garment workers and their perspectives on discrimination and harassment in the workplace with a view to increase understanding on how to promote gender equality in the factories and improve the economic and social well-being of the industry's mostly female labour force.

Toward Gender Equality in East Asia and the Pacific
Toward Gender Equality in East Asia and the Pacific

Author: World Bank

Publisher: World Bank Publications

Published: 2012-10-01

Total Pages: 273

ISBN-13: 0821396269

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Toward Gender Equality in East Asia and the Pacific examines the relationship between gender equality and development and outlines an agenda for public action to promote more effective and inclusive development in East Asian and Pacific countries.