The Holy Roman Empire and the Ottomans
The Holy Roman Empire and the Ottomans

Author: Mehmet Sinan Birdal

Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing

Published: 2011-07-30

Total Pages: 224

ISBN-13: 0857720295

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Charles V's Holy Roman Empire and Suleyman I's Ottoman Empire were the most significant empires of the early-modern era. Both rulers exercised global power as the leaders of the universal “res publica Christiana” and “dar-es Islam,” respectively, both subject to exploits of lavishness, extravagance, and self-indulgence with respect to their demonstrations of power and world dominance. The most obvious example of this was Charles V's crowning as the Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Clement V, which included a procession of 20 cardinals, 400 papal guards and 300 knights, as well as a commemorative painting by Parmigianino that depicted Charles being handed the globe by the infant Hercules while being crowned with laurel by Fame. The modality of power reflective of aristocratic society and exhibited by both Charles V and Suleyman I is one of many different style of leadership and Mehmet Sinan Birdal here explores how these power modalities determine the performance of a state in foreign politics and the emergence of the dominant unit in the state system. This book examines the Habsburgs' and Ottomans' transformation from medieval empires with claims of global domination to absolutist nations that recognized the sovereignty of others. In fact the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Austria's “Enlightened Despotism” developed from the Holy Roman Empire, while the Ottoman Empire, through modernization and reform, became the present-day Republic of Turkey. Drawing upon the teachings of Habermas and the Frankfurt School, as well as original historical sources, Birdal uses the doctrine of “legitimation” as the theoretical basis for political authority in The Holy Roman Empire and the Ottomans, creating a revisionist work that is an invaluable read for historians, international relations specialists and political scientists alike.

Letters of Light
Letters of Light

Author: J.R. Osborn

Publisher: Harvard University Press

Published: 2017-05-22

Total Pages: 192

ISBN-13: 0674978587

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Arabic script remains one of the most widely employed writing systems in the world, for Arabic and non-Arabic languages alike. Focusing on naskh—the style most commonly used across the Middle East—Letters of Light traces the evolution of Arabic script from its earliest inscriptions to digital fonts, from calligraphy to print and beyond. J. R. Osborn narrates this storied past for historians of the Islamic and Arab worlds, for students of communication and technology, and for contemporary practitioners. The partnership of reed pen and paper during the tenth century inaugurated a golden age of Arabic writing. The shape and proportions of classical calligraphy known as al-khatt al-mansub were formalized, and variations emerged to suit different types of content. The rise of movable type quickly led to European experiments in printing Arabic texts. Ottoman Turkish printers, more sensitive than their European counterparts to the script’s nuances, adopted movable type more cautiously. Debates about “reforming” Arabic script for print technology persisted into the twentieth century. Arabic script continues to evolve in the digital age. Programmers have adapted it to the international Unicode standard, greatly facilitating Arabic presence online and in word processing. Technology companies are investing considerable resources to facilitate support of Arabic in their products. Professional designers around the world are bringing about a renaissance in the Arabic script community as they reinterpret classical aesthetics and push new boundaries in digital form.

Manuscript and Print in the Islamic Tradition
Manuscript and Print in the Islamic Tradition

Author: Scott Reese

Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG

Published: 2022-09-05

Total Pages: 382

ISBN-13: 3110776480

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This volume explores and calls into question certain commonly held assumptions about writing and technological advancement in the Islamic tradition. In particular, it challenges the idea that mechanical print naturally and inevitably displaces handwritten texts as well as the notion that the so-called transition from manuscript to print is unidirectional. Indeed, rather than distinct technologies that emerge in a progressive series (one naturally following the other), they frequently co-exist in complex and complementary relationships – relationships we are only now starting to recognize and explore. The book brings together essays by internationally recognized scholars from an array of disciplines (including philology, linguistics, religious studies, history, anthropology, and typography) whose work focuses on the written word – channeled through various media – as a social and cultural phenomenon within the Islamic tradition. These essays promote systematic approaches to the study of Islamic writing cultures writ large, in an effort to further our understanding of the social, cultural and intellectual relationships between manuscripts, printed texts and the people who use and create them.

Historical Aspects of Printing and Publishing in Languages of the Middle East
Historical Aspects of Printing and Publishing in Languages of the Middle East

Author: Geoffrey Roper

Publisher: BRILL

Published: 2013-11-07

Total Pages: 340

ISBN-13: 9004255974

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Print culture, in both its material and cognitive aspects, has been a somewhat neglected field of Middle Eastern intellectual and social history. The essays in this volume aim to make significant contributions to remedying this neglect, by advancing our knowledge and understanding of how and why the development of printing both affected, and was affected by, historical, social and intellectual currents in the areas considered. These range geographically from Iran to Latin America, via Kurdistan, Turkey, Egypt, the Maghrib and Germany, temporally from the 10th to the 20th centuries CE, and linguistically through Arabic, Judæo-Arabic, Syriac, Ottoman Turkish, Kurdish and Persian.

The Representation of the Ottoman Orient in Eighteenth Century English Literature
The Representation of the Ottoman Orient in Eighteenth Century English Literature

Author: Hasan Baktir

Publisher: Columbia University Press

Published: 2010-08-01

Total Pages: 219

ISBN-13: 3838261321

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Inspired by the growing interest in oriental countries and cultures, Hasan Baktir examines the representation of the "Ottoman Orient" in 18th century English literature, taking a new perspective to achieve a comprehensive understanding and investigating different aspects of the interaction between the Ottoman Orient and 18th century Europe.A number of questions continue to arise in the wake of Said's 1978 landmark study, "Orientalism". How monodirectional was the flow of power in such representations? To what extent did the travelling observer also participate and become influenced by the phenomena he tried to depict without attachment? What variety of motivations lay behind the desire to know and represent the Oriental other -- was it simply a question of political control? Or were there deeper, more enigmatic factors at play -- sexuality, existential affirmation, even utter idiosyncrasy? How various and diverse was the Western response to the East -- can we discern degrees of sympathy, knowledge, and difference in the various Orients offered to us by the canonical and non-canonical figures of 18th century English letters? Baktir's study provides answers to many aspects of these questions, through a detailed examination of very different texts.Baktir does not completely reject Said's argument that European writers created a separate discourse to represent the Orient; rather, he shows us that there was also a dialogic and negotiating tendency which did not make a radical distinction between the East and the West. Relying his argument on 18th century pseudo-oriental letters, oriental tales, and oriental travelogues, Baktir demonstrates that the representation of the Ottoman Orient in 18th century English literature differs essentially from earlier centuries because a developing critical and liberal spirit established a negotiation between the two worlds. In this book, he indicates how the critical and inquisitive spirit of the age of Enlightenment interanimated Oriental and European cultures.

Islam and Modernity in Turkey
Islam and Modernity in Turkey

Author: B. Silverstein

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2011-01-31

Total Pages: 323

ISBN-13: 0230117031

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In contrast to much of the Muslim world, a majority of Turks consider Islam to be primarily a matter of personal choice and private belief. How did such an arrangement come about? Moreover, most observant Muslims in Turkey do not see such a conception and practice of Islam as illegitimate. Why not? Islam and Modernity in Turkey addresses these questions through an ethnographic study of Islamic discourses and practices and their articulation with mass media in Turkey, against the background of late Ottoman and early Republican precedents. This ground-breaking book sheds new light on issues of commensurability and difference in culture, religion, and history, and reformulates our understanding of Islam, secularism, and public life in Turkey, the Muslim world, and Europe.

The Religious and Cultural Landscape of Ottoman Manastır
The Religious and Cultural Landscape of Ottoman Manastır

Author: Robert Mihajlovski

Publisher: BRILL

Published: 2021-09-06

Total Pages: 323

ISBN-13: 900446526X

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In this ground-breaking work on the Ottoman town of Manastir (Bitola), Robert Mihajlovski, provides a detailed account of the development of Islamic, Christian and Sephardic religious architecture and culture as it manifested in the town and precincts.

Antiquity and Enlightenment Culture
Antiquity and Enlightenment Culture

Author:

Publisher: BRILL

Published: 2020-03-31

Total Pages: 259

ISBN-13: 9004412670

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This volume represents the first move towards a comprehensive overview of the place of antiquity in Enlightenment Europe. Eschewing a narrow focus on any one theme, it seeks to understand eighteenth-century engagements with antiquity on their own terms, focusing on the contexts, questions, and agendas that led people to turn to the ancient past. The contributors show that a profound interest in antiquity permeated all spheres of intellectual and creative endeavour, from antiquarianism to political discourse, travel writing to portraiture, theology to education. They offer new perspectives on familiar figures, such as Rousseau and Hume, as well as insights into hitherto obscure antiquarians and scholars. What emerges is a richer, more textured understanding of the substantial eighteenth-century engagement with antiquity.

Reformations in Hungary in the Age of the Ottoman Conquest
Reformations in Hungary in the Age of the Ottoman Conquest

Author: Pál Ács

Publisher: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht

Published: 2019-01-21

Total Pages: 335

ISBN-13: 3647570842

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Pál Ács discusses various aspects of the cultural and literary history of Hungary during the hundred years that followed the Battle of Mohács (1526) and the onset of the Reformation. The author focuses on the special Ottoman context of the Hungarian Reformation movements including the Protestant and Catholic Reformation and the spiritual reform of Erasmian intellectuals. The author argues that the Ottoman presence in Hungary could mean the co-existence of Ottoman bureaucrats and soldiers with the indigenous population. He explores the culture of occupied areas, the fascinating ways Christians came to terms with Muslim authorities, and the co-existence of Muslims and Christians. Ács treats not only the culture of the Reformation in an Ottoman context but also vice versa the Ottomans in a Protestant framework. As the studies show, the culture of the early modern Hungarian Reformation is extremely manifold and multi-layered. Historical documents such as theological, political and literary works and pieces of art formed an interpretive, unified whole in the self-representation of the era. Two interlinked and unifying ideas define this diversity: on the one hand the idea of European-ness, i.e. the idea of strong ties to a Christian Europe, and on the other the concept of Reformation itself. Despite its constant ideological fragmentation, the Reformation sought universalism in all its branches. As Ács shows, it was re-formatio in the original sense of the word, i.e. restoration, an attempt to restore a bygone perfection imagined to be ideal.

Interiors in the Age of Enlightenment
Interiors in the Age of Enlightenment

Author: Stacey Sloboda

Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing

Published: 2023-12-14

Total Pages: 430

ISBN-13: 1350408042

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Interiors in the Age of Enlightenment provides a comprehensive and interdisciplinary overview of the cultural history of interior design and interior spaces from 1700 to 1850. Considering the interior as material, social and cultural artefact, this volume moves beyond conventional descriptive accounts of changing styles and interior design fashions, to explore in depth the effect on the interior of the materials, processes, aesthetic philosophies and cultural attitudes of the age. From the Palace of Versailles to Virginia coffeehouses, and from Chinoiserie bathhouses to the trading exchanges of the West Indies, the chapters in this book examine a wide range of themes including technological advancements, public spaces, gender and sexuality, and global movements in interior designs and decorations. Drawing together contributions from leading scholars, this volume provides the most authoritative and comprehensive survey of the history of interiors and interior architecture in the long eighteenth century.