Empirical evidence in [ROSE90], [ROSE91], and [ROSE92] indicates that a log-structured file system provides superior write performance and equivalent read performance to traditional file systems. This thesis analyzes and evaluates the log-structured file system presented in [ROSE91], isolating some of the critical issues in its design. Additionally, a modified design addressing these issues is presented and evaluated. Log-structured file systems also offer the potential for superior integration of transaction processing into the system. Because log-structured file systems use logging techniques to store files, incorporating transaction mechanisms into the file system is a natural extension.
This book was originally published in 1995. At the time of publication, distributed file systems were monolithic and only supported single file abstractions. Network storage devices needed to be able to accommodate emerging information media such as digital audio and video, with data radically different in characteristics to traditional text and binary that file systems were optimised for. By combining emerging and traditional media, information could be recorded and presented in the most suitable way, and the value of a piece of information could be further enhanced by linking together related pieces. However composite data and cross-reference between data items raised a number of system issues that had not been addressed properly before. In this book Dr Lo defined a multi-service storage architecture that could meet the needs of existing and emerging applications and support multiple file abstractions. He also explored a number of related design issues.
This Lecture Notes volume is based on the "International Workshop on High Performance Transaction Systems" held in the Asilomar Conference Center, September 28-30, 1987. Many of the problems identified during the workshop are liable to determine the future development of transaction systems and distributed high performance systems in general for many years to come. So the organizers of HPTS '87 felt encouraged to collect the papers presented at the workshop in order to make them accessible to a wider audience of interested developers and researchers. Since some of the contributions represented work in progress, the authors agreed to prepare revised and updated versions of their papers for this publication. This accounts for the long delay between the event itself and the publication, but on the other hand it provides the reader with a state-of-the-art account of transaction processing topics. The book is organized according to the major sections of the workshop. In the network section the reader finds an analysis of two of the major "paradigms" in networking, ISO/OSI and SNA, from the perspective of transaction processing. In the next section four different transaction processing and database systems are described: Model 204 - a database management system marketed by Computer Corporation of America, Tandem's NonStop SQL, Citicorp's transaction processing system and ALCS, which basically is a version of TPF running under MVS/XA. The section on architectural issues contains four very different contributions which are fairly representative of the type of problems in transaction systems investigated in the research community. Finally, performance evaluations and system comparisons are presented.
I have implemented a prototype log-structured file system called Sprite LFS; it outperforms current Unix file systems by an order of magnitude for small-file writes and matches or exceeds Unix performance for reads and large writes. Even when the overhead for cleaning is included, Sprite LFS can use 70% of the disk bandwidth for writing. Unix file systems typically can use only 5-10%.
Leverage the power of PostgreSQL 10 to design, administer and maintain a high-performance database solution Key Features Obtain optimal PostgreSQL 10 database performance, ranging from initial design to routine maintenance Fine tune the performance of your queries and avoid the common pitfalls that can slow your system down Contains tips and tricks on scaling successful database installations, and ensuring a highly available PostgreSQL solution Book Description PostgreSQL database servers have a common set of problems that they encounter as their usage gets heavier and requirements get more demanding. Peek into the future of your PostgreSQL 10 database's problems today. Know the warning signs to look for and how to avoid the most common issues before they even happen. Surprisingly, most PostgreSQL database applications evolve in the same way—choose the right hardware, tune the operating system and server memory use, optimize queries against the database and CPUs with the right indexes, and monitor every layer, from hardware to queries, using tools from inside and outside PostgreSQL. Also, using monitoring insight, PostgreSQL database applications continuously rework the design and configuration. On reaching the limits of a single server, they break things up; connection pooling, caching, partitioning, replication, and parallel queries can all help handle increasing database workloads. By the end of this book, you will have all the knowledge you need to design, run, and manage your PostgreSQL solution while ensuring high performance and high availability What you will learn Learn best practices for scaling PostgreSQL 10 installations Discover the best hardware for developing high-performance PostgreSQL applications Benchmark your whole system – from hardware to application Learn by real examples how server parameters impact performance Discover PostgreSQL 10 features for partitioning and parallel query Monitor your server, both inside and outside the database Design and implement a good replication system on PostgreSQL 10 Who this book is for This book is designed for database administrators and PostgreSQL architects who already use or plan to exploit the features of PostgreSQL 10 to design and maintain a high-performance PostgreSQL database. A working knowledge of SQL, and some experience with PostgreSQL will be helpful in getting the most out of this book.
This book describes the key concepts, principles and implementation options for creating high-assurance cloud computing solutions. The guide starts with a broad technical overview and basic introduction to cloud computing, looking at the overall architecture of the cloud, client systems, the modern Internet and cloud computing data centers. It then delves into the core challenges of showing how reliability and fault-tolerance can be abstracted, how the resulting questions can be solved, and how the solutions can be leveraged to create a wide range of practical cloud applications. The author’s style is practical, and the guide should be readily understandable without any special background. Concrete examples are often drawn from real-world settings to illustrate key insights. Appendices show how the most important reliability models can be formalized, describe the API of the Isis2 platform, and offer more than 80 problems at varying levels of difficulty.
The Complete Guide to Optimizing Systems Performance Written by the winner of the 2013 LISA Award for Outstanding Achievement in System Administration Large-scale enterprise, cloud, and virtualized computing systems have introduced serious performance challenges. Now, internationally renowned performance expert Brendan Gregg has brought together proven methodologies, tools, and metrics for analyzing and tuning even the most complex environments. Systems Performance: Enterprise and the Cloud focuses on Linux(R) and Unix(R) performance, while illuminating performance issues that are relevant to all operating systems. You'll gain deep insight into how systems work and perform, and learn methodologies for analyzing and improving system and application performance. Gregg presents examples from bare-metal systems and virtualized cloud tenants running Linux-based Ubuntu(R), Fedora(R), CentOS, and the illumos-based Joyent(R) SmartOS(TM) and OmniTI OmniOS(R). He systematically covers modern systems performance, including the "traditional" analysis of CPUs, memory, disks, and networks, and new areas including cloud computing and dynamic tracing. This book also helps you identify and fix the "unknown unknowns" of complex performance: bottlenecks that emerge from elements and interactions you were not aware of. The text concludes with a detailed case study, showing how a real cloud customer issue was analyzed from start to finish. Coverage includes - Modern performance analysis and tuning: terminology, concepts, models, methods, and techniques - Dynamic tracing techniques and tools, including examples of DTrace, SystemTap, and perf - Kernel internals: uncovering what the OS is doing - Using system observability tools, interfaces, and frameworks - Understanding and monitoring application performance - Optimizing CPUs: processors, cores, hardware threads, caches, interconnects, and kernel scheduling - Memory optimization: virtual memory, paging, swapping, memory architectures, busses, address spaces, and allocators - File system I/O, including caching - Storage devices/controllers, disk I/O workloads, RAID, and kernel I/O - Network-related performance issues: protocols, sockets, interfaces, and physical connections - Performance implications of OS and hardware-based virtualization, and new issues encountered with cloud computing - Benchmarking: getting accurate results and avoiding common mistakes This guide is indispensable for anyone who operates enterprise or cloud environments: system, network, database, and web admins; developers; and other professionals. For students and others new to optimization, it also provides exercises reflecting Gregg's extensive instructional experience.
Proceedings of the 30th Annual International Conference on Very Large Data Bases held in Toronto, Canada on August 31 - September 3 2004. Organized by the VLDB Endowment, VLDB is the premier international conference on database technology.
