Enrichment of Live Prey with Microparticles for the Enhanced Delivery of Water-soluble Nutrients to Marine Fish Larvae
Enrichment of Live Prey with Microparticles for the Enhanced Delivery of Water-soluble Nutrients to Marine Fish Larvae

Author: Matt Hawkyard

Publisher:

Published: 2015

Total Pages: 209

ISBN-13:

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In the wild, marine fish larvae feed on copepods and other planktonic organisms. Copepods are often considered the "gold standard" for meeting the nutritional needs of cultured marine fish larvae; however, in captivity, marine fish larvae are generally fed cultured live prey, i.e. rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) and/or Artemia sp., until they can be weaned onto artificial diets, which typically coincides with the end of the larval phase. Concentrations of certain water-soluble nutrients in rotifers and Artemia, notably taurine, may not be sufficient to meet the nutritional demands of some species of marine fish larvae. The delivery of low-molecular weight, water-soluble substances to aquatic organisms is challenging because these substances are rapidly lost from food particles when suspended in water, referred to as nutrient leaching. One solution to this problem is to encapsulate water-soluble substances within synthetic microparticles that are specifically designed to reduce nutrient leaching. Alternatively, water-soluble substances may be dissolved in the culture water of these organisms facilitating nutrient absorption or ingestion via drinking, hereafter referred to as the "dissolved method" of nutrient enrichment. In Chapter 2, I provide an overview of enrichment methods for cultured live prey and put particular emphasis on the enrichment of water-soluble compounds. In Chapters 3, 4 and 5, my co-authors and I evaluated the use of synthetic microparticles, liposomes and wax spray beads, for increasing the water-soluble nutrient concentrations (enrichment) of rotifers and Artemia with the intent to increase their nutritional quality for marine fish larvae. Furthermore, we compared microparticulate enrichment with dissolved methods whereby the nutrients were dissolved in the culture medium. Microparticle-enriched live prey were evaluated by: 1) using fluorescent techniques to investigate the ingestion and digestion of microparticles by live prey and 2) determining the growth performance of two species of marine fish larvae, northern rock sole (Lepidopsetta polyxystra) and California yellowtail (CYT: Seriola lalandi) in response to different enrichment methods for the water-soluble nutrient, taurine. Taurine was used as a model nutrient because taurine concentrations are low in cultured live prey, especially when compared to copepods, and because its was believed to be a growth-limiting nutrient for marine fish larvae. Taurine concentrations in rotifers and Artemia enriched with taurine-containing microparticles could be increased to levels reported in copepods. In Chapters 3 and 4, we found that northern rock sole larvae grew significantly larger, were more developed and had higher whole body taurine concentrations when fed rotifers enriched with taurine-containing microparticles when compared to control treatments. In Chapter 5, we found that CYT larvae fed taurine enriched rotifers showed increased growth (final dry weights) and had higher whole body taurine concentrations when compared to larvae fed unenriched rotifers but these differences were not apparent in the subsequent Artemia phase, suggesting that unenriched Artemia had sufficient taurine concentrations to allow compensatory growth of CYT. Differences and similarities are discussed between the efficacy of liposomes and wax spray beads for rotifer enrichment and subsequent nutritional effects on fish larvae. Ultimately, this research provides the first evidence of positive growth effects of liposome- and wax spray bead-enriched live prey on marine fish larvae as a result of enhanced delivery of water-soluble nutrients. The outcomes of these findings suggest that microparticles may be used as a research tool to assess the water-soluble nutrient deficiencies of cultured live prey for marine fish larvae. Furthermore, with further development, these methods may have application for commercial hatcheries and could result in improved production efficiencies and cost savings for these operations

Success Factors for Fish Larval Production
Success Factors for Fish Larval Production

Author: Luis Conceicao

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2018-01-09

Total Pages: 522

ISBN-13: 111907214X

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A comprehensive and authoritative synthesis on the successful production of fish larvae Success Factors for Fish Larval Production is a vital resource that includes the most current understanding of larval biology, in the context of larval production. The text covers topics such as how external (environmental and nutritional) and internal (molecular/ developmental/ physiological/ behavioral/ genetic) factors interact in defining the phenotype and quality of fish larvae and juveniles. The expert contributors review broodstock genetics and husbandry, water quality, larval nutrition and feeding, growth physiology, health, metamorphosis, underlying molecular mechanisms, including epigenetics, for development, larval behavior and environmental conditions. Compiled by members of a European Union-funded consortium of top researchers, Success Factors for Fish Larval Production provides a wide-range of authoritative information for the aquaculture industry and academia. In addition to a wealth of information, the authors review research and commercially applicable larval quality indicators and predictors. The successful production of good-quality fish larvae is of vital importance for fish farming and stock enhancement of wild fisheries: Includes contributions from a consortium of noted researchers and experts in the field Deals with on how to improve egg quality and larval production via broodstock management and nutrition Suggests ways to control the phenotype of juveniles and table-size fish via manipulations of the conditions of larval rearing (e.g., epigenetics) Includes ideas for optimizing diet composition, formulation, and technology Integrates knowledge and practical experience in order to help advancing excellence in aquaculture Success Factors for Fish Larval Production offers fish biologists, developmental biologists, physiologists and zoologists the most current and reliable information on the topic. All those working in fish aquaculture facilities and hatcheries in particular will find great interest to their commercial operations within this book.

The Use of Wax Spray Beads (WSB) for Iodine Enrichment of Artemia Sp for Use as a Live Food for Zebrafish (Danio Rerio) Larvae
The Use of Wax Spray Beads (WSB) for Iodine Enrichment of Artemia Sp for Use as a Live Food for Zebrafish (Danio Rerio) Larvae

Author: Donald Matthew Hawkyard

Publisher:

Published: 2010

Total Pages: 234

ISBN-13:

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Dietary iodine may play an important role in the nutritional health of freshwater fish larvae. Artemia, commonly used for the culture of larval zebrafish (Danio rerio), contain low concentrations of iodine when compared with wild zooplankton. Water-soluble micronutrients, such as iodine, are difficult to deliver to Artemia due to rapid diffusion from microparticles. Several methods have been developed to deliver water-soluble nutrients to live prey and are reviewed in this thesis. Wax spray beads (WSB) have been shown to retain greater than 50% of water- soluble micronutrients after 1h suspension in seawater. In addition, WSB have been used to bioencapsulate oxytetracycline (OTC; a water-soluble antibiotic) within Artemia but have not been previously used for the enrichment of micronutrients. It is currently unknown whether iodine, in the form of potassium iodide (KI), encapsulated within WSB is available to fish larvae and, if so, whether increased dietary iodine has a nutritional effect on larval zebrafish. Inert markers can been used to estimate ingestion and retention rates of diets by target organisms or to estimate feed preferences of organisms fed on multiple diets. In our study, yttrium (III) oxide (Y2O3) was used as an inert marker of WSB to provide detailed information about enrichment processes. The objectives of this study were to: 1) evaluate the use of wax spray beads containing potassium iodide (KI WSB) and wax spray beads containing KI and Y2O3 (KI+Y WSB) for enrichment of Artemia with iodine; 2) evaluate the use of Y2O3 as an inert marker in feeding experiments with Artemia fed on WSB; 3) determine if zebrafish larvae were able to uptake iodine from KI WSB-enriched Artemia; 4) investigate the effects of KI WSB-enriched Artemia on the growth, survival and thyroid status of larval zebrafish; 5) determine if Artemia were a potential source of exogenous thyroid hormones (TH) for larval fish; and 6) determine if KI WSB had an effect on bacterial concentrations associated with Artemia. We found that Artemia enriched with KI+Y WSB had higher levels of iodine than Artemia enriched with potassium iodide (KI) delivered in aqueous solution. WSB concentrations and the time of enrichment had significant effects on iodine and yttrium concentrations in Artemia. Enrichment with KI+Y WSB resulted in iodine absorption into Artemia tissues suggesting that a portion of the enriched iodine would be available to predators. Our results indicate that Y2O3 was an effective inert marker of WSB and was highly useful when interpreting data from enrichment trials. Zebrafish fed Artemia enriched with KI WSB showed a ten-fold increase in total iodine levels and increased survival when compared with larvae fed unenriched Artemia. Thirty-eight day post fertilization zebrafish larvae fed iodine-enriched Artemia had lower epithelium to colloid (v:v) ratios when compared to those fed unenriched Artemia. Artemia metanauplii were found to contain significant levels of deiodinase and thyroid hormones. KI WSB had no effect on the levels of marine bacteria associated with Artemia. The results of this study indicated that iodine contained in KI WSB enriched Artemia was available to larval fish. It is also apparent that early stage zebrafish benefitted from increased levels of dietary iodine. In addition, Artemia may provide larval fish with significant levels of exogenous thyroid hormones and deiodinase.

Development of Microparticulate Feeds and Methods to Improve Acceptability of Artificial Diets by Blue Spotted Goby Larvae (Asterropteryx Semipunctata)
Development of Microparticulate Feeds and Methods to Improve Acceptability of Artificial Diets by Blue Spotted Goby Larvae (Asterropteryx Semipunctata)

Author: Brendan W. Clack

Publisher:

Published: 2006

Total Pages: 212

ISBN-13:

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An acceptable microparticulate diet for marine fish larvae may be defined as an artificial diet that contains, retains, and delivers the required nutrients to support survival and growth. Factors affecting ingestion rate of prey items by fish larvae include environmental factors such as light intensity, prey/background contrast, possible chemical cues, and co-feeding with live foods. The efficient addition of FAA (free amino acids) in microparticles, at concentrations similar to those found in live foods may reduce or eliminate the need for exogenous proteases and FAA from live feeds. Complex particles (CP), when coupled with optimization of environmental parameters, may result in ingestion of artificial diets at rates sufficient to support high survival and growth rates. Lipid spray beads (LSB) have shown promise in their ability to deliver low molecular weight water-soluble (LMWS) nutrients to marine fish larvae. Furthermore, ingestion and digestion of zein-bound complex particles (CP), with incorporated LSB, by fish larvae have been reported. Here we describe improvements in LSB technology as well as feeding conditions for the effective delivery of FAA to blue spotted goby larvae (Asterropteryx semipunctata). The FAA glycine was used as a model LMWS nutrient due to its high solubility in water. LSB performance was found to be optimized with an aqueous core concentration of 400 g l-1 glycine and was shown to have significantly higher DE over a 60 min period in aqueous suspension compared to that of beads with lower core glycine concentrations (two-way ANOVA; p0.0001). Evaluation of core to lipid ratios (v/v) showed that retention and delivery efficiencies of LSB containing cores of 400 g glycine l-l at a core to lipid ratio of 1:2 v/v were greater than those of LSB with other core to lipid ratios. The use of optimized LSB in zein-bound CP resulted in an encapsulation efficiency of 4% w/w glycine for the CP, which was within the range of FAA concentrations reported for rotifers, Artemia and copepods. Blue spotted goby larvae showed peak feeding incidence at a light intensity of 5.44 æE s-1 m-2 when fed on CP against a black background. Higher or lower light intensities and a white background, were shown to independently reduce feeding incidence. In a 5 day feeding trial, larvae fed CP containing LSB with core material consisting of casein, hydrolyzed casein, or a mix of FAA (based on the average of the amino acids found in casein and hydrolyzed casein) showed 6, 8, and 6% survival respectively, which was significantly lower than 37% survival for larvae fed the marine phytoplankton, Tahitian Isochrysis galbana and Rhodomonas sp. (p0.05). At 0% survival, the starved control had significantly lower survival than that of all other treatments (p

Larval Fish Nutrition
Larval Fish Nutrition

Author: G. Joan Holt

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2011-02-25

Total Pages: 446

ISBN-13: 0470959843

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Nutrition is particularly important in the healthy development of fish during their early-life stages. Understanding the unique nutritional needs of larval fish can improve the efficiency and quality of fish reared in a culture setting. Larval Fish Nutrition comprehensively explores the nutritional requirements, developmental physiology, and feeding and weaning strategies that will allow aquaculture researchers and professionals to develop and implement improved culture practices. Larval Fish Nutrition is logically divided into three sections. The first section looks at the role of specific nutrient requirements in the healthy digestive development of fish. The second section looks at the impacts if nutritional physiology on fish through several early-life stages. The final section looks at feeding behaviors and the benefits and drawbacks to both live feed and microparticulate diets in developing fish. Written by a team of leading global researchers, Larval Fish Nutrition will be an indispensible resource for aquaculture researchers, professionals, and advanced students. Key Features: Reviews the latest research on larval fish nutritional requirements, developmental physiology, and feeding and weaning strategies Extensively covers nutritional needs of various early-life stages in fish development Weighs the benefits and drawbacks to both live feeds and microparticulate diets Written by a global team of experts in fish nutrition and physiology

Development of Artificial Diets for Delivery of Water-soluble Nutrients to Altricial Fish Larvae
Development of Artificial Diets for Delivery of Water-soluble Nutrients to Altricial Fish Larvae

Author: Umur Önal

Publisher:

Published: 2002

Total Pages: 292

ISBN-13:

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In the present study, the potential of low-melting point lipids, namely methyl palmitate (MP) and menhaden stearine (MS), were studied for delivery of water-soluble materials to fish larvae. Addition of the solid emulsifier, sorbitan monopalmitate (SMP) resulted in higher RE compared to the liquid emulsifier sorbitan sesquioleate (SSO). Additions of SMP were found to have a positive effect on the stability of lipid spray beads (LSB) at concentrations>10% (w/w) of lipid. LSB were shown to retain riboflavin with the highest RE when the lipid matrix was composed of a mixture of MP+10% SMP+1O% ethyl cellulose (w/w). Use of MP facilitated digestive breakdown of LSB by larvae of zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio, and glowlight tetra, Hemigrammus erythrozonus, as indicated by release of riboflavin from ingested LSB. LSB composed of MS performed better than LSB composed of MP when particulate glycine was incorporated within LSB. Highest retention efficiencies (RE) and delivery efficiencies (DE) were achieved by LSB composed of 100% MS. RE and DE of LSB were further improved when glycine was encapsulated as aqueous droplets rather than in a particulate form. The overall performance of LSB containing tyrosine showed that nutrients with similar water-solubilities to tyrosine can be very effectively delivered to early fish larvae. Visual observation indicated that LSB composed of 100% MS were broken down by larvae of clownfish, Amphiprion percula. Zein-bound particles (ZBP) were not efficient in delivering riboflavin to fish larvae due to high leaching rates. In an attempt to improve ZBP, we developed complex particles (CP) containing LSB incorporated in a dietary mixture bound by zein, to obtain a single particle type. The potential of LSB for delivery of free amino acids (FAA) was evaluated when LSB were incorporated within CP. RE and DE for tyrosine were significantly greater than those for alanine, glycine and serine. There was a significant inverse correlation between RE for FAA and their solubilities where FAA with low solubilites resulted in higher RE. Development of CP with high RE and DE for amino acids is an important step towards formulating a diet to allow early weaning of fish larvae onto artificial diets.

Live Food Enriched for Persian Sturgeon Fish Larvae
Live Food Enriched for Persian Sturgeon Fish Larvae

Author: Mahmoud Hafezieh

Publisher: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing

Published: 2012

Total Pages: 188

ISBN-13: 9783845424026

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Live foods in sturgeon fish larviculture are very important, not only for stock enhancement but also for aquaculture. In Iran these process were started since 1992 with producing more than 20 millions fingerlings, but high morality in their larvae were found during the years because of using low quality live food. In this project we tried to perform high quality Artemia urmiana as live food, using the vitamin C and HUFA enrichment.

The Use of Plant Protein as a Means of Improving Fish Growth Performance Through Its Larval Stage
The Use of Plant Protein as a Means of Improving Fish Growth Performance Through Its Larval Stage

Author: Connor Schwepe

Publisher:

Published: 2022

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13:

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Aquaculture is a significant contributor to the global food supply and continues to grow each year. However, the continued growth of the industry will be limited by its large reliance on marine resources, such as fishmeal (FM), which are needed to make formulated diets to feed farmed fish. Fishmeal is made from processed fish caught from the wild, and the growth of the industry and overfishing has put considerable pressure on wild populations that make the current level of use unsustainable. As an alternative to FM, several sources of plant protein (PP) are used to replace FM in diet formulations. One of the most common PP sources used in aquaculture diet formulation is soybean meal (SBM) which is widely available and of a lower cost. However, complete replacement of FM with SBM is currently limited, SBM (as well as many other PP sources) is less digestible than FM and has anti-nutritional factors that result in reduced growth in fish fed diets with high level of SBM. The purpose of this thesis was to improve the utilization of PP in larval fish in order to promote growth and development through the larval stage. In order to accomplish this, two experiments were performed. The first experiment (Chapter 2) was a feeding trial that examined how PP and other protein sources could be used as an enrichment that would improve the nutrient composition of live food and improve the development of larval zebrafish Danio rerio. Zebrafish larvae were provided with live food rotifers Brachionus plicatilis and Artemia spp. nauplii enriched with either 1) Spirulina spp. algae; 2) SBM; 3) Soy protein concentrate (SPC); 4) FM hydrolysate; 5) intact FM; or 6) an unenriched control. The enrichments represented marine and plant resources of varying quality. The first feeding larvae were fed ad libitum until they fully metamorphosed into a juvenile stage at 22 days post hatch (dph). Rotifers enriched with SBM had increased protein content compared to unenriched rotifers and the larvae fed the SBM-enriched live food showed longer body length than all other groups except SPC at the end of the trial. Additionally, the larvae fed SBM-enriched live food showed an upregulation of digestive enzyme chymotrypsin indicating a more developed digestive tract. This study indicates the effectiveness of SBM as a live food enrichment source that can improve larval development and growth. The second experiment (Chapter 3) was a nutritional programming (NP) study using Largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. Nutritional programming is a method where fish are fed PP in early life - considered a nutritional stimulus that allows them to better utilize PP in later life. The optimal time in larval fish development to induce NP is not known, so larval bass were programmed at different ages to determine at what stage NP is most effective. Three groups were programmed either from 6-15 dph with SBM-enriched Artemia nauplii (NPL), from 16-25 dph with formulated SBM-diet (NPD1) or from 26-35 dph with formulated SBM-diet (NPD2). A positive control received FM-based diet throughout the whole trial. When re-introduced to SBM later in life (100 dph) the NPL group showed highly improved growth compared to NPD1 and similar growth to the positive control. The growth of NPD2 achieved similar growth to NPL, but did not achieve similar growth to PC. Nutritional programming was not effective in NPD1 as growth was significantly reduced. This study showed that Largemouth bass can be successfully programmed to accept dietary SBM later in life right after mouth opening using SBM enriched live food in the larval stage. This timing of NP is preferable to programming with formulated diets at a later stage. The overall findings of this thesis show that SBM is an effective source of live food enrichment that can improve larval growth and induce effective NP. While high levels of SBM inclusion in formulated diets are not currently feasible for some fish throughout their entire life, the larval stage offers opportunities to improve the utilization of this raw material. In both zebrafish and Largemouth bass SBM was effectively utilized in the larval stage to support development. This was reflected in improved health status of the intestine and in improved growth of zebrafish who received enriched live food. Additionally, the Largemouth bass programming results give valuable insight into how NP can be better utilized so that more effective utilization of formulated SBM-diet can be achieved.

Clean Coastal Waters
Clean Coastal Waters

Author: National Research Council

Publisher: National Academies Press

Published: 2000-08-17

Total Pages: 422

ISBN-13: 0309069483

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Environmental problems in coastal ecosystems can sometimes be attributed to excess nutrients flowing from upstream watersheds into estuarine settings. This nutrient over-enrichment can result in toxic algal blooms, shellfish poisoning, coral reef destruction, and other harmful outcomes. All U.S. coasts show signs of nutrient over-enrichment, and scientists predict worsening problems in the years ahead. Clean Coastal Waters explains technical aspects of nutrient over-enrichment and proposes both immediate local action by coastal managers and a longer-term national strategy incorporating policy design, classification of affected sites, law and regulation, coordination, and communication. Highlighting the Gulf of Mexico's "Dead Zone," the Pfiesteria outbreak in a tributary of Chesapeake Bay, and other cases, the book explains how nutrients work in the environment, why nitrogen is important, how enrichment turns into over-enrichment, and why some environments are especially susceptible. Economic as well as ecological impacts are examined. In addressing abatement strategies, the committee discusses the importance of monitoring sites, developing useful models of over-enrichment, and setting water quality goals. The book also reviews voluntary programs, mandatory controls, tax incentives, and other policy options for reducing the flow of nutrients from agricultural operations and other sources.

Manual on the Production and Use of Live Food for Aquaculture
Manual on the Production and Use of Live Food for Aquaculture

Author: Patrick Lavens

Publisher: Food & Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO)

Published: 1996

Total Pages: 320

ISBN-13:

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The cultivation of fish and shellfish larvae under controlled hatchery conditions requires not only the development of specific culture techniques, but in most cases also the production and use of live food organisms as feed for the developing larvae. The present manual describes the major production techniques currently employed for the cultivation of the major types of live food commonly used in larviculture, as well as their application potential in terms of their nutritional and physical properties and feeding methods. The manual is divided into different sections according to the major groups of live food organisms used in aquaculture, namely micro-algae, rotifers, Artemia, natural zooplankton, and copepods, nematodes and trochophores.