Over the last few years, the energy sector in Europe has undergone rapid change. Following the adoption of the EU Third Energy Package and the Climate and Energy Package in 2007, a wide range of EU laws governing the next phase of the EU Internal Energy Market, climate change objectives, and security of supply considerations have entered into force. This new edition builds upon earlier editions of the work to provide an updated overview of important developments at national, international, and European levels, covering the most important principles of international law relevant to the energy sector. The first part of the book provides overviews of international and EU law. This is followed by chapters which look at specific European jurisdictions. A number of key energy-producing jurisdictions are focused on, including France, Poland, and the UK. In addition, a chapter is now included to outline Russian energy law. Written by a team of specialist academics and practitioners, Energy Law in Europe: National, EU and International Regulation offers in-depth coverage of energy law, trade and regulation for both practitioners and academics specializing in the energy sector.
From evaluating policy delivery on wind farms in Texas in the US, to developing nuclear power in the Middle East, this book presents fresh thinking on key concepts and ideas on energy law and policy delivery. The contributors write from a range of perspectives, including the sciences, law, politics, economics and engineering.
The energy sector in Europe is changing rapidly under the influence of, inter alia, trends towards globalization, liberalization, competition, de-monopolization, and (re-)regulation. Within the European Community this process has been triggered by the European Commission's Internal Energy Market programme of 1988. Subsequently, several Directives have been issued which have changed the face of the European energy market. This book provides an overview of these important developments at the international, European, and national levels. The first chapter provides an overview of the most important principles of international law of relevance for the energy sector. This is followed by analysis of pertinent international organisations such as the IEA and the NEA. The Energy Charter Treaty is addressed in a separate chapter in acknowledgement of its importance as the first international agreement which provides arrangements exclusively for the entire energy sector, i.e. both with regard to the exploration and production of petroleum and the transport and trade of the energy produced. The first half of the book concludes with extensive analysis of developments within the EC. It includes an examination of the key EC Treaty provisions as well as of the Directives which have been issued since 1988. The second half of the book describes the way in which these Directives have been implemented in several countries of the EEA. In order to understand the differences between the individual Member States, each national chapter commences with a short analysis of the constitutional and regulatory framework. This is followed by an examination of the upstream and downstream energy sector, with the extent of coverage determined by the resource base of each country. Thus, for example, more attention is paid to exploration and production of oil and gas in the North Sea countries than in southern european member states. Anticipating the need to implement the Kyoto protocol, analysis of the promotion of energy saving, energy efficiency and the promotion of renewable energy is also found in the national chapters. The book concludes with a comparison of legal developments in Europe and addresses the key question 'are we heading towards an international energy market?'
This timely book examines the role played by regional authorities in the EU in the transition towards renewable energy. Drawing on both academia and practice, the expert contributors explore some of the key legal questions that have emerged along the e
This volume includes chapters on "Developments in the EU and EU Energy Law", "EU Case Law", "New Developments in Cross-border Energy Governance", "Energy Communities" and "Clean Hydrogen: Regulatory Frameworks".
This comprehensive volume of the Elgar Encyclopedia of Environmental Law provides an overview of the major elements of energy law from a global perspective. Based on an in-depth analysis of the energy chain, it offers insight into the impacts of climate change and environmental issues on energy law and the energy sector. This timely reference work highlights the need for modern energy law to consider environmental impacts and promote the use of clean energy sources, whilst also safeguarding a reliable and affordable energy supply.
This book offers an edited volume for all readers who wish to gain an in-depth grasp of the economic analysis of recent developments in energy law and policy in Europe and the United States. In response to waning resources and heightened environmental awareness, many countries are now seeking to redefine their energy mix. Several energy sources are available: coal and oil, natural gas, and a variety of renewables. Yet which of them are capable of addressing core energy-related concerns? Reliability, security, affordability, fairness, and sustainability all have to be taken into account. Further, once a target mix has been identified, two challenges remain for legal scholars: what role does the law play in achieving a specified energy mix, and, how can the law best fulfill that role? The essential energy concerns are just as important in defining the way we shape our energy mix as they are in defining the mix itself. An example of current challenges in energy law and policy can be seen in the pursuit by the German and Swiss governments of the so-called “Energiewende” (energy transition). These policies are intended to enable the transition from a non-sustainable use of fossil and nuclear energy to a more sustainable approach based on renewable energies. On the one hand, the goal is to achieve a decarbonization of the energy economy by reducing the use of fossil energy sources such as petroleum, carbon and natural gas. On the other, and in response to the Fukushima nuclear accident, a phase out is intended to eliminate the dangers of nuclear technologies. Achieving these goals poses tremendous challenges for the two countries’ energy policies – partly because the energy transition will not only affect energy production, but also energy consumption. From a Law and Economics perspective, a number of questions arise: to what extent is it justifiable to rely on markets and continued technological innovation, especially with regard to the present exploitation of scarce resources? To what extent is it necessary for states to intervene in energy markets? Regulatory instruments are available to create and maintain more sustainable societies: command and control regulations, restraints, Pigovian taxes, emission certificates, nudging policies, and more. If regulation in a certain legal field is necessary, which policies and methods will most effectively spur the sustainable consumption and production of energy in order to protect the environment while mitigating any potential negative impacts on economic development? Do neoclassical and behavioural economics provide us with a suitable framework for predicting the market’s complex reactions to a changing energy policy? This book provides theoretical insights as well as empirical findings in order to answer these vital questions.
An essential and practical guide to the energy laws and regulations of the European Union (EU), fully updated to cover the latest expansion of the EU, the effects of the financial crisis, and new developments in renewable energy.
"This fourth volume of the 'ELRF' book 'EU Energy Law and Policy Issues', as with the previous versions of the book, offers an overview of some of the most recent developments taking place in the EU energy law and policy sector. In this respect, the reader will find a number of contributions which provide detailed and critical views on some of the main issues in this area. Over the years the Energy Law Research Forum or "ELRF" has confirmed it has a role to play in the energy law and policy debate. Today, the ELRF includes most of the younger generation of EU energy law specialists with an academic interest, and the book has become a reference for research and literature, as well as for the Court of Justice of the European Union. This edition of the book covers topical issues ranging from exemptions and derogations in the EU energy acquis, pricing, access, investments, nuclear energy, external energy relations as well as the role of regulatory authorities in the EU and beyond."--Back cover.
EU energy law and policy have become more and more complex in recent years. Today these areas feature a multitude of layers concerning not only regulation of the power industry, but also security of energy supply, climate change, consumer needs and technical innovation. This textbook serves as an introduction to this distinctive field. For readers without much experience with the EU, the author provides a separate chapter which outlines the institutional structure and functioning of the European Union in the field of energy policy. Tables of key court decisions and key legislation, review questions and further reading lists ultimately help to give readers a lasting impression of one of the most vibrant fields of EU law and policy.
