The first concerns that come to mind in relation to pollution from road vehicles are direct emissions of carbon dioxide and toxic air pollutants. These are, of course, important but the impacts of road traffic are altogether more substantial. This volume of the Issues in Environmental Science and Technology Series takes a broader view of the effects on the environment and human health, excluding only injury due to road traffic accidents. By looking across the environmental media, air, water and soil, and taking account also of noise pollution, the volume addresses far more than the conventional atmospheric issues. More importantly, however, it examines present and future vehicle technologies, the implications of more extensive use of batteries in electric vehicles and the consequences of recycling vehicles at the end of use. Finally, examples of life-cycle analysis as applied to road vehicles are reviewed. This book is a comprehensive source of authoritative information for students studying pollution, and for policy-makers concerned with vehicle emissions and road traffic impacts more generally.
single toxicant before it, yet one that has now been brought under effective control-at least in estuaries and the nearshore environment. The problem with TBT and its cause was first recognized in France, then in the United Kingdom and the United States of America; and in these and other countries legislation is now in place (see Abel, Chapter 2; Champ and Wade, Chapter 3), but in many countries the hazard is only now being identified. This volume has the important function of making available to all a summary of the results of work on TBT and the main conclusions. It will help to minimize the duplication of research and speed the introduction of legislation around the world to control organotin pollution. It is the more valuable because research on TBT has often been published in less accessible journals and symposium proceedings. This volume brings together accounts of these findings by the major contributors to the TBT story, providing the most comprehensive account to date. The TBT problem has proved to be instructive in a number of different ways beyond the bounds of the specific issue (Stebbing, 1985). Most important is that TBT can be seen as a challenge to monitoring systems for nearshore waters, by which it can be judged how effective monitoring has been in fulfilling its purpose, and what improvements should be made. Most instructive was the time it took to bring TBT under control.
Introduction -- Department of Transportation research preferences -- Review of published literature and potential research needs -- Summary of identified research gaps and needs -- Master bibliography -- Appendixes.
Discusses the amounts & types of pollutants derived from vehicles as well as other sources; reports on the pollutants found in highway runoff; the effect of highway runoff on streams, rivers, lakes, wetlands, soil water, & groundwater; the important constituents in runoff from construction sites & analyzes the effects on receiving water quality; & the results from studies of source management as well as permanent pollution controls to protect receiving waters from the possible effects of highway runoff. Contains 55 tables & figures.
This synthesis will be of interest to highway design engineers, maintenance engineers, environmental personnel, administrators, and others responsible for the design, operation, and maintenance of stormwater management for highways and ancillary facilities. Information is presented on the basic hydrology needed to assess stormwater impacts and on the effectiveness of stormwater management techniques. Designers of highway facilities must consider stormwater management requirements within the context of both localized runoff impacts, as well as downstream effects of runoff. This report of the Transportation Research Board describes the management of both stormwater quantity and stormwater quality. Stormwater quantity includes an overview of methods of estimating runoff and management control practices. Stormwater quality management includes discussions of the most prevalent pollutants and best management practices (BMP) to minimize pollutants from transportation facilities. Various types of structural and non-structural methods are described, including their design considerations and efficiencies. Several stormwater management models are described, with special concern for highway applications. Highlights from the 1990 National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits are presented.